Female and Male Reproductive Systems Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
What Hormone Initiates Puberty
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
2
Q
From where is the Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) released?
A
The hypothalamus
3
Q
What hormones does Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) stimulate the release of?
A
gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
4
Q
From where are gonadotropins (FSH & LH) released?
A
The anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland
5
Q
What does the release of gonadotropins (FSH & LH) trigger?
A
It triggers the gonads (ovary & testis) to produce significant levels of sex hormones and gamete maturation
6
Q
Female
1. Gamete + Hormone Production:
2. Erectile Tissue Stimulated During Sexual Arousal and Orgasm:
3. Secretes lubricating mucin:
4. Outer protection of Structures:
A
- Ovary
- Clitoris & Labia minora
- Greater Vestibular Gland
- Labia majora
7
Q
Male
1. Gamete + Hormone Production:
2. Erectile Tissue Stimulated During Sexual Arousal and Orgasm:
3. Secretes lubricating mucin:
4. Outer protection of Structures:
A
- Testis
- Glans penis & Body of penis
- Bulbourethral Gland
- Scrotum
8
Q
What is Oogenesis?
A
The development of the secondary oocyte (female gamete)
9
Q
How many viable haploid
secondary oocyte does a single diploid oogonia divide to form?
A
1
10
Q
How many viable haploid
spermatozoa does a single diploid spermatogonia divide to form?
A
4
11
Q
How long does Spermatozoa remain viable in the female reproductive tract?
A
5 days
12
Q
How many times larger than a spermatozoa is the ovum? Which contributes ALL the cytoplasm including the organelles?
A
10 million, ovum
13
Q
How are Ovaries physically attached to the uterus?
A
by the ovarian ligaments
14
Q
What are Ovarian follicles?
A
oocyte surrounded by somatic, follicular cells and associated structure
15
Q
What is Folliculogenesis?
A
the development of the somatic cells and associated structures that surround the developing oocytes
16
Q
__1__ occurs in a female fetus as diploid (2N) __2__ under mitosis to form __3__
A
- Oogenesis
- oogonia stem cells
- primary oocytes
17
Q
__1__ formed in the fetus remain arrested in __2__ until puberty when a small
number of __3__ complete meiosis I every month forming __4__ which are arrested in
__5__
A
- Primary oocytes
- metaphase I (prophase I)
- primary oocytes
- secondary oocytes
- meiosis II (metaphase II)
18
Q
Typically, a single _____ is ovulated monthly
A
secondary oocyte (metaphase II)
19
Q
What causes meiosis II to be completed by the secondary oocyte to form the ovum?
A
Meiosis II is only completed if the sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, stimulating it to divide forming the ovum
20
Q
Follicular development ceases from ___ __ ____
A
birth to puberty
21
Q
__1__ occur in the female fetus, which include a __2__ surrounded by a thin, flattened layer of __3__
A
- Primordial follicles
- primary oocyte
- follicular cells
22
Q
At puberty, a number of __1__ develop into primary follicles that contain a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of __2__, __3__ each month
A
- primordial follicles
- cuboidal
- estrogen secreting cells
23
Q
Some __1__ continue to develop into __2__ that have a larger number of estrogen secreting __3__ that surround a __4__
A
- primary follicles
- secondary follicles
- follicular cells
- primary oocyte
24
Q
Some __1__ develop into __2__ which a large number of estrogen-secreting follicular cells
contain a central, fluid filled __3__ that pushes the __4__ to one side
A
- secondary follicles
- antral follicles
- antrum
- primary oocyte
25
Typically, one __1__ forms monthly containing a newly formed __2__ and an enlarged __3__
1. mature (Graafian) follicle
2. secondary oocyte
3. antrum
26
The __1__ is ovulated when the __2__ bursts and the remaining __3__ transform into the __4__ secreting cells of the __5__
1. secondary oocyte
2. mature follicle
3. follicular cells
4. progesterone
5. corpus luteum
27
_____ are diploid cells (containing 23 pairs of
chromosomes, or 46 total) that are the origin of
oocytes
Oogonia
28
What is atresia?
Process of degeneration and resorption of ovarian follicles that do not reach full maturity.
29
Up to _____ primordial follicles are
stimulated to mature into primary
follicles every month.
about 20
30
The _____ is a hɑploid cell
(containing 23 chromosomes only)
that is arrested in the second meiotic
metaphase.
secondary oocyte
31
In a female fetus oogonia divide by mitosis forming primary oocytes. These primary oocytes are arrested in ______ and are surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells
Prophase I
32
____ ____ primordial ovarian follicles are present in the ovarian cortex at birth
1.5 million
33
Some loss (atresia) of primordial follicles occurs during the senescent period between birth and puberty resulting in approximately _____ primordial follicles at the time of puberty
400,000
34
__1__ and __2__ act on the ovary with __3__ prodding on the development of the follicle
1. FSH
2. LH
3. FSH
35
Each primary follicle contains a single primary oocyte (arrested in Prophase I) surrounded by a thin, translucent layer of __1__ that form the __2__
1. glycoproteins
2. zona pellucida
36
The outer follicular cells enlarge, becoming more cuboidal in shape, then become __1__ secreting __2__
1. estrogen
2. granulosa cells
37
As granulosa cells continue to develop, they secrete the hormone __1__ that acts to inhibit __2__ levels preventing excessing follicular development while allowing for the current primary follicles to mature
1. inhibin
2. FSH
38
A select few __1__ continue to develop into __2__ while the other undergo
atresia
1. primary follicles
2. secondary follicles
39
Each ____ contains a single primary oocyte (Prophase I) surrounded by the zona
pellucida
secondary oocyte
40
A thin, outer cell layer called _____ ___ forms from the nearby ovarian tissue
thecal cells
41
Thecal cells secrete __1__ that get converted to estrogen by __2__ from the granulosa cells
1. androgens
2. aromatase enzymes
42
Fluid-filled __1__ forms within the granulosa cells of the __2__
1. antrum
2. antral follicle
43
Antral Follicle: A group of granulosa cells called the __1__ remains associated with the __2__ as it is pushed to one side of the follicle
1. cumulus oophorus
2. primary oocyte
44
Antral Follicle: Primary oocyte (still in Prophase I) is surrounded by the __1__ and an additional circular layer of cells called the __2__
1. zona pellucida
2. corona radiata
45
Mature Follicle: The increased level of __1__ being produced by the increased number of __2__ trigger the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and begin meiosis II becoming a secondary oocyte that stops at __3__
1. estrogen
2. granulosa cells
3. metaphase II
46
Typically, only one mature follicle develops each month, which has an enlarged __1__ that
pushes the oocyte closer to the outer edge of the __2__
1. antrum
2. ovarian cortex
47
Mature Follicle: The ____, ____,and ____ are still present surrounding the secondary oocyte
1. cumulus oophorus
2. zona pellucida
3. corona radiata
48
Order these: Primary Follicle, Antral Follicle, Corpus luteum, Mature Follicle, Primordial Follicle, Ovulation, Corpus albicans, Secondary Follicle
Primordial Follicle> Primary Follicle> Secondary Follicle> Antral Follicle> Mature Follicle> Ovulation> Corpus luteum> Corpus albicans
49
Ovulation: The mature follicle responds to a large __1__ spike, causing it to rupture and release the secondary oocyte (arrested in __2__).
1. LH
2. metaphase II
50
Ovulation: The __1__ and __2__ remain with the ovulated secondary oocyte.
1. zona pellucida
2. corona radiata
51
Ovulation: The __1__ remain in the ovary and transform into the __2__ secreting __3__
1. granulosa cells
2. progesterone
3. corpus luteum
52
secretes high levels of progesterone (supports the uterine lining as it prepares for implantation)
and lower levels of estrogen
Corpus luteum
53
The corpus luteum secretes high levels of __1__ (supports the uterine lining as it prepares for implantation) and lower levels of __2__
1. progesterone
2. estrogen
54
The corpus luteum last for approximately _____ if implantation does NOT occur before transforming into the corpus albicans
two weeks
55
the corpus luteum remains active for approximately __1__ in response to __2__ secreted by the pre-embryo if implantation does occur and eventually the placenta which eventually takes over the production progesterone and estrogen and the corpus luteum transforms into the corpus albicans
1. 3 months
2. hCG (human chorionic gonadotropic)
56
The ovulated secondary oocyte is arrested in
______
metaphase II
57
The __1__, which does not secrete hormones, is scar-like connective tissue that forms due to the resorption of the regressing __2__
1. corpus albicans
2. corpus luteum
58
The corpus albicans is typically visible for ____ after development
a few months
59
Order these: Luteal phase, Ovulation, Follicular phase
Follicular phase> Ovulation> Luteal phase
60
Uterine tubes wrap around, but don’t _____, the ovaries
physically touch
61
Uterine Tubes
Transports ovulated oocyte to the uterus
* Muscular layers use peristaltic contractions
* Ciliated cells moving the inner fluid-like mucous towards the uterus
62
Typical site of oocyte fertilization
Uterine tube
63
* Funnel-shaped open end of the uterine tube
* Contains finger-like projections that envelope the ovary during ovulation
Infundibulum
64
* Expanded region that narrows from the
infundibulum to the isthmus
* Normal site of fertilization
Ampulla
65
Constricted region that connects the
ampulla to the uterus
Isthmus
66
Supports, protects, and nourishes the
developing embryo/fetus
Uterus
67
Uterus: Composed of three tissue tunics:
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
67
Uterus: Inner lining (______) responds to
cyclic hormones and is shed during
menses
endometrium
68
Outer serosa layer of the uterus continuous with the broad ligament
Perimetrium
69
Layer of the uterus formed from three layers of smooth muscle
Myometrium
70
Part of the uterus where implantation occurs, highly vascularized and contains uterine glands
Endometrium
71
Endometrium: The deeper layer that is immediately adjacent to myometrium is the __1__, this layer contains __2__
1. basal layer
2. stem cells
72
Endometrium: The more superficial layer beginning monthly growth at puberty is the __1__. This layer grows from the basal layer under the influence of __2__ and is shed at menses
1. functional layer
2. estrogen and progesterone
73
Order These: Menstrual phase, Secretory phase, Proliferative phase
Menstrual phase> Proliferative phase> Secretory phase
74
Phase where sloughing off of functional layer of endometrium results in menstrual bleeding
Menstrual phase
75
Phase where there is development of new
functional layer of endometrium
Proliferative phase
76
Phase where there is increased vascularization and uterine gland development in the endometrium, ideal for implantation.
Secretory phase
77
The secretory phase is maintained by the high __1__ levels secreted from the __2__
1. progesterone
2. corpus luteum
78
____ stage depends upon FSH and LH secretions
Antral
79
Corpus luteum secretes primarily ____
progesterone
80
High ____ levels sustains the secretory phase and maintains the functional lining of the uterus
progesterone
81
____ stimulates growth of the functional layer
Estrogen
82
A sharp decrease in ____ initiates the menstrual phase
progesterone
83
Muscular tube that runs from the vaginal
orifice to the cervix of the uterus
Vagina
84
The _____ produces protective secretions that help maintain an ____ (alkaline/acidic) environment
mucosa, acidic
85
Housed in the scrotum
Testes
86
Spermatogenesis, the production of
spermatozoa, occurs in the ____ of the testes
seminiferous tubules
87
____ levels stimulate spermatogenesis
Testosterone
88
The testes require temperatures _____ than body temperature
2-3 degrees cooler
89
The spermatozoa complete meiosis in the
__1__ but become motile
and mature in the __2__
1. seminiferous tubules
2.epididymis
90
Testes form in the abdomen of the fetus and descend ____
prior to birth
91
____ occurs when the testis/testes do
not descend into the scrotum prior to birth
Cryptorchidism (unilateral or bilateral)
92
Surgery to move the testes into the scrotum
Orchiopexy
93
Individuals with cryptorchidism have increased risk of ___, ___, and ___
testicular cancer, testicular torsion, and developing a hernia near the groin
94
__1__ cells located between seminiferous
tubules, produce __2__
under __3__ stimulation
1. Interstitial
2. androgens (testosterone)
3. luteinizing hormone
95
non-dividing support cells that surround dividing
germ cells that continuously produce sperm
Sustentacular cells
96
Sustentacular cells roles (3)
1. helps nourish developing sperm
2. Secretes androgen binding protein in response to FSH
3. Releases the hormone inhibin when sperm count is high (inhibits FSH secretion)
97
Small amounts of _____ are also produced by
the interstitial cells in the testes
estrogen
98
Spermatogenesis: Germ cells are diploid
_____
spermatogonium
99
Spermatogenesis: Mitotic division of __1__
produces a germ cell and a __2__
1. spermatogonium
2. primary spermatocyte
100
____ stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
LH
101
__1 __ stimulates sustentacular
cells to secrete __2__, which keeps
testosterone levels high within
the testis
1. FSH
2. androgen-binding protein (ABP)
102
The diploid __1__ undergoes
meiosis I producing 2 haploid __2__
1. primary spermatocytes
2. secondary
spermatocytes
103
The diploid primary spermatocytes undergoes
_____ producing 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
meiosis I
104
Each haploid __1__ undergoes
meiosis II producing four
haploid __2__
1. secondary spermatocytes
2. spermatids
105
Each haploid secondary
spermatocytes undergoes
_____ producing four
haploid spermatids
meiosis II
106
This is the end of the
meiotic division but the
spermatids lack the
appropriate morphology
of spermatozoa
meiosis II
107
the final stage of spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis
108
Spermiogenesis begins with __1__ and results in morphologic changes needed to form __2__
1. spermatids
2. spermatozoa
109
_____ forms over
nucleus and contains digestive
enzymes required to
penetrate secondary
oocyte
acrosome cap
110
flagellum of spermatozoa forms from _____
organized microtubules
111
Region of the spermatozoa that contains mitochondria
midpiece
112
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to regulate male reproductive function?
GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
113
What does GnRH stimulate in the anterior pituitary?
Secretion of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone).
114
What is the function of LH in the male reproductive system?
LH stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes to secrete testosterone.
115
What is the role of FSH in male reproduction?
FSH stimulates sustentacular (Sertoli) cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP).
116
Why is androgen-binding protein (ABP) important in male reproduction?
ABP binds to testosterone, keeping its concentration high in the testis to support spermatogenesis.
117
How does testosterone influence GnRH and the anterior pituitary?
Testosterone inhibits GnRH secretion and decreases the anterior pituitary’s sensitivity to GnRH, reducing FSH and LH secretion.
118
What hormone is released when sperm count levels rise (and by what cells)?
Sustentacular cells release inhibin when sperm levels are high
119
What is the function of inhibin in male reproduction?
Inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH, helping to regulate sperm production.
120
What happens if testosterone levels become too high?
Excess testosterone suppresses GnRH, leading to reduced FSH and LH levels, which can slow down testosterone production and sperm formation.
121
Semen is a mixture of:
sperm and Seminal fluid
122
Alkaline secretion that neutralizes vaginal acidity and provides nutrients to sperm traveling in female reproductive tract
Seminal Fluid
123
Three structures that produce Seminal Fluid
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
124
What nourishes sperm by providing an energy source in seminal vesicle secretions?
Fructose
125
What role do prostaglandins in seminal vesicle secretions play?
Prostaglandins help widen the external os of the cervix, facilitating sperm entry into the uterus.
126
What gland secretes a milky fluid rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and PSA?
The prostate gland.
127
What serves as a nutrient for sperm metabolism in prostate gland secretions?
Citric acid
128
What is seminalplasmin, and what does it do?
Seminalplasmin is an antibiotic-like protein in prostate secretions that helps prevent infections in the male reproductive tract.
129
What is the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in semen?
PSA is an enzyme that liquefies semen after ejaculation, aiding sperm mobility.
130
What is the function of bulbourethral gland secretions?
They produce a clear, viscous mucin that coats and lubricates the urethra during intercourse.
131
How does pre-ejaculate from the bulbourethral glands help sperm?
It neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra, creating a more favorable environment for sperm.
132
The prostate gland secretes a milky fluid rich in __1__, __2__, and __3__?
1. citric acid
2. seminalplasmin
3. PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
133
The physiological conditioning undergone by sperm to become capable of
fertilizing the secondary oocyte that occurs in female reproductive tract
Capacitation
134
What is the corona radiata, and how does sperm penetrate it?
The corona radiata is the outer protective layer of the secondary oocyte. A capacitated sperm passes through this layer.
135
What allows sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida?
Digestive enzymes released from the sperm’s acrosome in the acrosome reaction.
136
What is the zona pellucida, and why is it important?
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur.
137
What happens when the sperm and secondary oocyte membranes come into contact?
They fuse together, allowing the sperm nucleus to enter the oocyte.
138
What cellular changes occur when the sperm enters the secondary oocyte?
The oocyte triggers mechanisms to prevent polyspermy (fertilization by multiple sperm).
139
What event does sperm entry trigger in the secondary oocyte?
It completes the second meiotic division, forming a haploid ovum and a polar body.
140
What happens inside the secondary oocyte after meiosis is completed?
The sperm and ovum haploid pronuclei fuse, forming a diploid zygote.
141
What is the haploid nucleus of either the sperm or the ovum before they fuse to form the diploid nucleus of the zygote?
The pronucleus
142
What is embryogenesis?
The series of developmental events that occur in both the pre-embryonic and embryonic periods.
143
How long does the pre-embryonic period last?
The first two weeks after fertilization.
144
What major event marks the end of the pre-embryonic period?
The implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine lining.
145
What are the developmental stages during the pre-embryonic period?
Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastocyst.
146
When does the embryonic period occur?
From the third through the eighth week of development.
147
What is the main event of the embryonic period?
Major organ development in the embryo.
148
When does the fetal period begin and how long does it last?
It starts in the ninth week and continues until birth.
149
What is the process of the blastocyst burrowing into the functional endometrium of the uterus?
implantation
150
What are the two main cell types of the blastocyst?
Outer trophoblast cells and inner embryoblast cells.
151
What happens to trophoblast cells during implantation?
They differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, which help the blastocyst embed into the endometrium.
152
What is the function of the syncytiotrophoblast?
It invades the endometrium and produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
153
Why is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) important in implantation?
hCG maintains the corpus luteum, which continues producing progesterone to support early pregnancy.
154
Appear during the second week of development and continue to develop and
function during embryonic and fetal periods
Extraembryonic membranes
155
What is the function of the yolk sac?
It is an important site for early blood cell and blood vessel formation.
156
What is the amnion?
A thin membrane that encloses the entire embryo within the fluid-filled amniotic cavity.
157
What does the chorion form from?
It forms from the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
158
What role does the chorion play in pregnancy?
It develops the placenta in conjunction with the functional endometrium.
159
What is the placenta?
A temporary organ formed from the chorion and the functional layer of the endometrium.
160
What are the primary functions of the placenta? (3)
1. Exchanges nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products between maternal and fetal blood.
2. Transmits maternal antibodies to the developing embryo or fetus.
3. Produces progesterone and estrogen to maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy.
161
How long is the first trimester, and what occurs during this time?
It lasts for the first 3 months, during which the zygote becomes an embryo and then an early fetus.
162
When is the second trimester, and what occurs during this time?
From months 4 to 6, the fetus grows, and maternal tissues expand.
163
When is the third trimester, and what occurs during this time?
Occurs during months 7 to 9. Fetus grows most rapidly. Mother’s body prepares for labor and delivery
164
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and where is it initially secreted from?
hCG is a hormone initially secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast.
165
When can hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) be detected in urine?
By the second week of development.
166
How long does hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) remain at high levels?
It remains high during the first trimester.
167
What is the function of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in early pregnancy?
It stimulates the corpus luteum to remain active for approximately three months.
168
What happens to hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels after the first trimester?
They decrease in the second trimester and stabilize throughout the third trimester.
169
Where are estrogen and progesterone produced during pregnancy?
By the corpus luteum in the first trimester and mostly by the placenta in the second and third trimesters.
170
How do high estrogen and progesterone levels affect FSH and LH secretion?
They suppress FSH and LH secretion through negative feedback.
171
What happens to the ovarian cycle and follicular development during pregnancy?
They are arrested due to high levels of estrogen and progesterone.
172
What is relaxin, and where is it secreted from?
A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta that helps relax ligaments and prepare the body for childbirth.
173
What is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and where is it secreted from?
CRH is secreted from the placenta in large amounts and plays a role in the length of pregnancy and timing of childbirth.
174
What effect does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have on aldosterone?
It promotes an increase in aldosterone levels in the mother, leading to fluid retention and edema.
175
What is human placental lactogen (HPL), and where is it secreted from?
HPL is secreted by the placenta and affects maternal metabolism during pregnancy.
176
How does human placental lactogen (HPL) affect nutrient metabolism in the mother?
It causes the mother to metabolize more fatty acids instead of glucose and inhibits insulin effects, making more glucose available for the fetus.
177
What happens to prolactin levels during pregnancy?
They increase tenfold, ensuring lactation occurs after childbirth.
178
Where is prolactin produced?
the anterior pituitary gland.
179
Where is oxytocin produced, and what are its functions?
Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and is involved in uterine contractions and milk expulsion from the mammary glands.
180
When do oxytocin levels increase during pregnancy?
During the second and third trimesters.
181
What mechanism is responsible for the initiation of true labor?
A positive feedback loop.
182
What hormones contribute to the initiation of labor?
Rising levels of maternal and fetal oxytocin.
183
How does oxytocin contribute to labor?
It stimulates uterine contractions and the release of prostaglandins, which enhance contractions.
184
How does the fetus contribute to labor initiation?
The fetal head pushes against the cervix, causing it to stretch and send signals to the hypothalamus.
185
What is the role of the hypothalamus in labor?
It increases oxytocin secretion in both the mother and fetus, leading to stronger contractions.
186
When does the positive feedback loop of labor end?
When the fetus is expelled from the uterus.
187
What are the three stages of delivery?
Dilation stage, expulsion stage, and placental stage.
188
What happens during the dilation stage?
It is the longest stage, beginning with regular contractions and ending when the cervix is fully effaced and dilated up to 10 cm.
189
What marks the beginning and end of the expulsion stage?
It begins after complete cervical dilation and ends with the expulsion of the fetus.
190
What is crowning?
When the baby’s calvarium (skull) distends the vagina during delivery.
191
What happens during the placental stage?
The uterus continues contracting, leading to the expulsion of the afterbirth (placenta and remaining fetal membranes).
192
