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Female genital pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

When do infections readily enter female genital tract?

A

oestrous and parturition

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2
Q

Where does ovarian cancer commonly implant?

A

Upon peritoneum

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3
Q

What are most repro tract inflammatory diseases from?

A

Asceding infections

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4
Q

How can pathogens enter the ReproT? 4

A

ASCENDING - commonest, at oestrous, post-partum, pregnancy (equine)
HAEMATOGENOUS - specific infections
DESCENDING FROM OVARY - rare, som eviral, chlamydial, ureaplasma infections
TRANSNEURAL - rare, herpes recrudescence

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5
Q

How do female hormones affect immunity?

A

OESTROUS: better drainage through open cervix
OESTROGEN: better disease resistance - ruminants upregulate BCs and TCs
PROGESTATIONAL/LUTEAL: uterus more susceptible to infection

Inflammation with epithelial and mucosal surface loss in the uterus results in decreased PGF2a production –> no CL lysis

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6
Q

How can sex be defined? 4

A

Genetic/chromosomal (xx/xy)
Gonadal (testis.ovary)
(ductal)
Phenotypic

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7
Q

List some examples of tract anomalies

A

segmental aplaisa (white shorthorn cattle)
pesistent hymen
duplication

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8
Q

Outline developmental cysts

A

Congenital
Peri- or intraovarian
Don’t confuse with functional cysts

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9
Q

List some acquired ovarian lesiosn

A

CYSTS:
follicular
anovulatory luteinised (luteal cysts)
cystic CL

HAEMORRHAGES

ADHESIONS

INFLAMMATION: oophooritis, rare, often ascending or systemic bacterial

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10
Q

What is a follicular cyst/ cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicle?

  • feature/what?
  • cause
  • signs
A

FEATURE: Failure of mature follicle to ovulate (COD)
>2.5cm cow, >1 cm sow
Persistence for >10d without functional CL

CAUSE: Anovulation without luetinisation due to abnormality in HPAO axis
Lack of LH peak due to low GnRH or its Receptors
stress/infection (cortisol)

SIGNS: Anoestrous (esp sows) or nymphomania (cows)

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11
Q

How does a luteal cyst form?

A

anovulation with luteinisation of theca (likely delayed or insufficient LH peak)

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12
Q

Treatment of luteal cysts?

A

PGF2a

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13
Q

What can cystic corpora lutea be confused with?

A

luteal cysts (because large and firm)

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14
Q

List the types of ovarian neoplasm - 4

A

GERM CELL NEOPLASM (rare): dysgerminoma, teratoma
GONADAL STROMAL NEOPLASM: granulosa cell tumour, thecoma, luteoma
EPITHELIAL NEOPLASM: cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma
SECONDARY TUMOURS: lymphoma, mammary carcinoma (bitch), intestinal carcinoma (4)

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15
Q

What is a dysgerminoma?
origin
appearance
aggressive

A

ORIGIN: from primitive germ cells (male analogue = seminoma)

APPEARANCE: smooth surface, commonly haemorrhagic/necrotic areas, frequent mitotic figures and germ cells

AGGRESSIVE: mostly benign and undifferentiated

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16
Q

What is a teratoma?
ORIGIN
APPEARANCE
AGGRESSION

A

ORIGIN: totipotential germ cells with elements of 2-3 germinal layers (commonly including skin)

APPEARANCE: mostly well-differentiated

AGGRESSION: benign

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17
Q

Granulosa-theca cell tumour:
PRODUCT
APPEARANCE
AGGRESSION

A

PRODUCE: steroids (some)

APPEARANCE: smooth surface with solid or cystic cut surface

AGGRESSION: usually benign

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18
Q

Epithelial neoplasms:
APPEARANCE
SPREAD
CONSEQUENCE

Study These Flashcards
A

APPEARANCE: often bilateral and shaggy/cauliflower-like surface, especially in bitches

SPREAD: by implantation on peritoneal surfaces (= contact metastases, all ovarian neoplasms)

CONSEQUENCE: ascites (sometimes)

19
Q

What can happen to the uterine tubes? 3

Which species?

Study These Flashcards
A

HYDROSALPINX (congenital or acquired)
PYOSALPINX
SALPINGITIS

Species: gilts in first pregnancy, otherwise rare

20
Q

What can happen to the uterus?

Study These Flashcards
A

PHYSICAL CHANGES:
Torsion
Rupture
Prolapse

21
Q

What can uterine prolapse be associated with? 3

Study These Flashcards
A 
hypocalcaemia
oestrogen excess (plants)
prolonged dystocia
22
Q

List 3 examples of endometrial growth disturbance

Study These Flashcards
A

Hyperplasia/CEM (i.e. due to excessive and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation, endogenous/exogenous)
Mucometra/hydrometra
Pseudopregnancy

23
Q

What is the pathological definition/difference between metritis and endometritis

Study These Flashcards
A

the days after pregnancy that it occurs

24
Q

What is endometritis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Uterine mucosa only

WHEN: Post-service, post-partum (dystocia)

RESULT: inflammatory infiltrate to mucosa, self-limiting if mild, severe –> chronic/fibrous

CAUSE: persistent CL (mare) and cow in chronic endometritis.

25
What are common pathogens causing endometritis in COWS? 4
PREGNANCY: Herpes Tritrichomonas foetus Campylobacter foetus ssp venerealis Others (environmental) - pyogenic cocci and coliforms, T.pyogenes
26
What are common pathogens to cause endometritis in mares? 5
``` alpha-haemolytic streptococci Klebsiella pneumoniae E.coli Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ```
27
Appearance of metritis
commonly dull congested serosa with 'paintbrush' haemorrhages, thickened oedematous friable uterine wall, yellowish-dark red exudate with foul odour, rarely ruptures
28
What are causes of pyometra in bitches (queen)?
older nulliparous Infection supervening upon CEH usually a few weeks after oestrous under P4 exposure following oestrogen priming bacterial infection (endometrium) UTI Pathogens: E.coli (brownish viscous exudate), Strep sp (creamy yellowish exudate) Cervix: open/closed
29
What is the result of pyometra if untreated?
toxaemia/bacteraemia common, widespread extra-medullary haematopoiesis and immuno-complex glomerulopathy leading to kidney failure
30
``` Pyometra - cows WHY WHEN SIGNS COMMON PATHOGENS ```
WHY: uterine disease predisposes pyometra, persisting CL and high P4 levels WHEN: mostly early post-partum (following endometritis/metritis), various times after breeding (venereal) SIGNS: functional cervical closure, usually some discharge (few ml to several L, thick, mucinous, cream or grey pus), rarely systemic signs PATHOGENS: haemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, coliforms, Trueperellla pyogenes, Pseudomonas sp, also Tritrichomonas foetus (venereal)
31
What is the usual isolate from pyometra in the sow?
Trueperella pyogenes
32
Pyometra - mares WHEN COMMON PATHOGENS
WHEN: after dystocia with infections (some) WHAT: cycling continues, sometimes prolonged, hormonal influences less important, mostly no cervical closure (commonly cervical deformity) --> discharge, seldom evidence of systemic disease PATHOGENS: Streptococcus zooepidemicus, E.coli, Actinomyces spp, Pasteurella spp, Pseudomonas spp.
33
What neoplasms can affect the uterus? 3
LEIOMYOMA CARCINOMA LYMPHOSARCOMA
34
Outline uterine leiomyoma
mostly bitch and benign often multiple - also affecting cervix/vagina oestrogens likely involved in provoking and maintaining in bitch usually firm, pink, white, whorled SMCs
35
Outline uterine carcinomas
mainly cow (found at meat inspection - consider enzootic bovine leukosis, EBL which is notifiable) mainly uterine horns scirrhous response (firbous), firm metastases to regional LNs, lungs, peritoneum (seeding)
36
Outline uterine lymphosarcoma
EDL in cow is notifiable TETRAD of affected organs (heart, abomasum, LNs, uterus) Light yellow, slightly friable
37
T/F: all neoplasias in adult cows are notifiable except haemangiosarcoma and papilloma.
True
38
How can the vulva and vagina be affected? 3
NON-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES INFLAMMATORY DISEASES NEOPLASMS
39
List some non-inflammatory diseases of the vulva/vagina
``` Persistent hymen Vaginal septum Ruptures Stricture/stenosis Abnormal tumefaction (swelling and increased size) Vaginal hyperplasia/hypertrophy/prolapse Vaginal cysts Vaginal polyps (older bitches) ```
40
What are some inflammatory diseases of the vulva/vagina?
Post-partum trauma granular vaginitis/vulvitis Herpes --> IPV/BHV-1, CHV-1, EHV-3/coital exanthema Dourine - notifiable
41
Which neoplasms can affect the vulva/vagina?
Leiomyoma (like uterus) TVT Fibropapilloma Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva
42
Why are TVTs unusual?
59 chromosomes instead of normal 78 in dogs
43
``` Outline TVT: Transmission Location Histopathology Treatment Prognosis ```
TRANSMISSION: transfer of neoplastic cells during coitus LOCATION: nodule formation beneath vaginal mucosa that enlarges HISTOPATHOLOGY: large, round neoplastic cells with occasional large bizarre nuclei TREATMENT: vincristine -responsive PROGNOSIS: metastases in dogs with poor health

Reproduction (42 decks)

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