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Female GU > Female GU > Flashcards

Female GU Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer RFs

A 
early menarche
later menopause
HRT
obesity
Alcohol
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2
Q

BC SS

A

Lump (altered shape/size/feel)
pain
skin changes (puckering, dimpling, rash, redness)
nipple changes (tethering, inversion, discharge)

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3
Q

BC Ix

A

Examination
Imaging
FNA
Biopsy

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4
Q

BC Tx

A

Surgery (WLE)

radiotherapy

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5
Q

What is BC grading based on

A

Nuclear pleomorphism
No of mitoses per mm
degree of gland formation

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6
Q

Classes of BC

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma

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7
Q

What is tamoxifen

A

Oestrogen receptor antagonist (80% of BCs overexpress ERs)

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8
Q

What is letrazole

A

Aromatase inhibitor (prevents conversion of androgens to oestrogen)

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9
Q

What is the transformation zone

A

area of unstable differentiation where most cervical neoplasia develop

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10
Q

What is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

replacement of normal squamous epi by neoplastic cells- precursor to invasive squamous carcinoma

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11
Q

Features of CIN

A

hyperchromasia
pleomorphism
abnormal maturation/mitoses

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12
Q

High risk types of HPV

A

Types 16 and 18

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13
Q

Cervical screening schedule

A

smears taken every 3-5y from 25-64

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14
Q

Smear reporting

A

-ve: repeat in 3y
Borderline: repeat 6m (3 borderlines: refer colposcopy)
mild/moderate/severe dyskaryosis: refer colposcopy
Invasive features: urgent referall to colposcopy

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15
Q

What does cervical smear sample

A

Cells from TZ for changes assoc with HPV/CIN

If CIN 2/3 is detected: loop excision of tz

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16
Q

Cervical cancer RFs

A

early age at 1st intercourse
high no of sexual partners
working class
HPV

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17
Q

CC staging

A

1: cervix
2: beyond cervix
3: pelvic wall/ureters/ lower vagina
4: bladder/ rectum/ beyond pelvis

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18
Q

3 vaginal infections

A

thrush
trichomoniasis
bacterial vaginosis

19
Q

5 diseases of the vulva

A 
skin tags
melanocytic naevi
benign cysts
lichen planus
extra-mammary pagets
20
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding definition

A

menstruation irregularity e.g. intermenstrual bleeding/ menorrhagia

21
Q

Endometriosis def

A

endometrial glands and stroma present outside uterus

causes inflammation, cysts, scars

22
Q

Adenomyosis def

A

extension of basal endometrium into myometrium

23
Q

Stages of endometrial carcinoma

A

1a: confined to myometrium (inner half)
1b: outer half
2: involves cervical stroma
3A: involves serosa
B: involves vagin
C: involves pelvic/para-aortic nodes
4A: involves bladder/bowel mucosa
B: distant metastases

24
Q

Endometrial carcinoma tx

A

low rx: salpino-oophorectomy
high rx: lymphadenectomy
chemo/radio

25
Q

Leiomyoma def

A

benign smc tumour of uterus

can cause dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia

26
Q

What is malignant form of leiomyoma

A

Leiomyosarcoma

can cause haem/necrosis, metastases

27
Q

Salpingitis def and SS

A

inflammation of ovarian tube

fever, pelvic pain, pelvic masses

28
Q

Types of ovarian neoplasm

A

Surface epithelial
Germ cell
Stromal/sex cord

29
Q

RFs for ovarian cancer

A

Fhx (BRCA1, HER2, KRAS)

nulliparity

30
Q

Classes of surface epi tumour

A

benign: cystic, may have solid stromal component
Borderline: limited invasive potential
Malignant

31
Q

What are psammoma bodies

A

calcified concretions present in papillae of serous tumours

32
Q

What are germ cell tumours usually

A

mature cystic teratomas (95%) with hair, skin, teeth etc

33
Q

Types of stromal tumour

A

Granulosa

theca cell

34
Q

Meigs syndrome

A

ovarian fibroma
ascites
pleural effusion

35
Q

Brenner tumour def

A

mixed surface epi and stromal tumours

36
Q

Types of surface epi tumour

A 
High grade serous
Low grade serous
endometroid
clear-cell
mucinous
37
Q

Types of benign breast condition

A 
Developmental
Stromal
Inflammatory
Fibrocystic
Neoplasms
38
Q

2 examples of developmental breast conditions

A 
ectopic tissue (usually on milk line between axilla and groin)
Breast hypoplasia
39
Q

3 examples of stromal breast conditions

A 
juvenile hypertrophy (overgrowth during puberty)
diabetic fibrous mastopathy (assoc with T1DM)
Pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia (over-proliferation of myofibroblasts)
40
Q

Examples of inflammatory breast conditions

A 
Acute mastitis (cellulitis assoc with feeding)
Inflammatory BC
foreign body infections (implants)
periductal mastitis
sub areolar abscess
41
Q

Examples of fibrocystic breast condition

A

cysts (can be multifocal, bilateral)
apocrine metaplasia
papilloma (benign tumour of epi lining mammary ducts)

42
Q

Classification of breast cysts

A

non-proliferative (no risk of BC)
proliferative without atypia (2x risk of BC)
proliferative with atypia (5x risk of BC)

43
Q

Fibroadenoma definition

A

benign overgrowth of epi and stroma

Phyllodes tumour

44
Q

Phases of endometrium

A 
Proliferative (small tubular glands in stroma; mitotic figures)
Secretory (vascular stroma; spiral glandular structures)
Menstrual phase (large amount of blood, fragmented tissue)

Female GU (2 decks)

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