Female Repro Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
The female gamete is
A
The ovum
2
Q
Male gamete is
A
Sperm
3
Q
Female gonads
A
Ovarie -> produce the ovum
4
Q
Male gonads
A
Testes
5
Q
Coitus =
A
Copulation, sexual intercourse
6
Q
The fertilized ovum is known as
A
The zygote
7
Q
Embryo is
A
2-8 weeks
8
Q
Fetus =
A
8 to 39 or 40 weeks
9
Q
The period of development within the uterus is
A
Gestation or pregnancy
10
Q
The occurrence of the first cycle is called
A
Menarche
11
Q
The ___ ___ located at the base of the brain secretes other hormones that govern the reproductive fxns of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus
A
Pituitary gland
12
Q
Gynecology
A
Study of the female reproductive system (organs, hormones, and diseases)
13
Q
Obstetrics
A
A specialty concerned with pregnancy and the delivery of the fetus
14
Q
The uterus is normally the size and shape of a ___ and is about __ in long in a nonpregnant woman
A
Pear ; 3 in
15
Q
Midway btwn the uterus and rectum is a region on the abd cavity called the
A
Cul-de-sac
16
Q
___ ___ are two small, rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice
A
Bartholin glands
17
Q
The external genitalia of the female are collectively called the
A
Vulva
18
Q
Each ovary is held in place on either side of the uterus by a
A
Utero-ovarian ligament
19
Q
Within each ovary are thousands of small sacs called
A
Ovarian follicles
20
Q
Each follicle contains an
A
Ovum
21
Q
During ovulation, an ovum ___
A
Matures
22
Q
Its follicle ruptures through the surface and releases the ___ from the ___
A
Ovum ; ovary
23
Q
A ruptured follicle fills with a
A
Yellow, fat-like material , which is then called the corpus luteum
24
Q
Corpus luteum =
A
Yellow body
25
The corpus luteum secretes
Hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that maintain the very first stages of pregnancy
26
The fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments are the :
Adnexae (accessory structures)
| - they catch the egg after its release from the ovary
27
The rounded upper portion of the uterus =
The fundus
28
The larger, central section of the uterus is called
The corpus
29
The inner layer of the uterus, a specialized epithelial mucosa is called the
Endometrium
30
The middl, muscular layer of the uterine wall is the:
Myometrium
31
The outer, membranous tissue layer is the ___ ___, which produces a watery, serum-like secretion
Uterine serosa
32
The outermost layer of an organ in the abd or thorax is known as a
Serosa
33
The narrow, lowermost portion of the uterus is the
Cervix
34
Mammary glands: the ___ ___ contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty
Glandular tissue
35
The breasts also contain
Fibrous and fatty tissue, specialized lactiferous (milk-carrying) ducts, and sinuses (cavities) that carry milk to the nipple, which has small openings for the ducts to release their milk
36
The breast nipple is the
Mammary papilla
37
The dark pigmented area around the mammary papilla is the
Areola
38
After parturition (giving birth),
Hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate the normal secretion of milk (lactation)
39
Menstrual cycle: Day 1-5
Discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells
40
Day 6-12
Endometrium begins to repair itself.
The maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen, which aids in the repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this period.
41
Day 13 & 14
Aka: ovulatory period
On about the 14th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary (ovulation) , passing thru the fallopian tube
42
Day 15-28
- empty follicles become corpus luteum -> it fxns as an endocrine organ and secretes progesterone into the bloodstream
- progesterone stimulates the building up of lining of uterus
43
If fertilization does not occur,
Corpus luteum stops producing progesterone
- here, lowered levels of progesterone and estrogen are responsible for some women's symptoms of depression, breast tenderness, and irritability
44
The placenta is formed from
The maternal endometrium and from the chorion (the outermost membrane that surrounds the embryo)
45
Amnion
The innermost of the embryonic membranes that holds the fetus suspended in an amniotic cavity surrounded by amniotic fluid
46
The placenta produces
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG)
47
hcG stimulates
The corpus luteum to continue producing hormones until about the 3rd month of pregnancy
-after, the placenta takes over the endocrine fxn and releases estrogen and progesterone
48
Progesterone maintains the development of the
Placenta
49
The afterbirth is
The expelled placenta
50
The pituitary glamd secretes :
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) after the onset of menstruation
51
FSH and LH stimulate
Maturation of the ovum and ovulation
52
After ovulation, ___ in particular influences the maintenance of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone
LH
53
During pregnancy, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone from the ovary and placenta cause the :
Pituitary glands to stop producing FSH and LH
54
IUD
Intrauterine device -a doctor inserts the small device designed to remain inside the uterus
-it works by preventing implantation of the embryo
55
Adnexae uteri
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
56
Bartholin glands
Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice
57
Amnion
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
58
Chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta
59
Coitus
Sexual intercourse; copulation
60
Cul-de-sac
Region in the lower abd, midway between the rectum and the uterus
61
FSH
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum).
62
Lactiferous ducts
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
63
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation
64
Myometrium
Muscle layer of the uterus
65
Perineum
Area between the anus and the vagina
66
Uterine serosa
Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
67
Vulva
External female genitalia: includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
68
Amni/o
Amnion
69
Bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
70
Cervic/o
Cervix, neck
71
Chori/o, chorion/o
Chorion
72
Colp/o
Vagina
73
Culd/o
Cul-de-sac
74
Episi/o
Vulva
75
Galact/o
Milk
76
Gynec/o
Woman, female
77
Hyster/o
Uterus, womb
78
Lact/o
Milk
79
Mamm/o
Breast
80
Mast/o
Breast
81
Men/o
Menses, menstruation
82
Metr/o, metri/o
Uterus
83
My/o, myom/o
Muscle, muscle tumor
84
Nat/i
Birth
85
Obstetr/o
Pregnancy and childbirth
86
O/o
Egg
87
Oophor/o
Ovary
88
Ov/o
Egg
89
Ovari/o
Ovary
90
Ovul/o
Egg
91
Perine/o
Perineum
92
Phor/o
To bear
93
Salping/o
Fallopian tubes
94
Uter/o
Uterus
95
Vagin/o
Vagina
96
Vulv/o
Vulva
97
-arche
Beginning
98
-cyesis
Pregnancy
99
-gravida
Pregnant
100
-parous
Bearing, bringing forth
101
-rrhea
Discharge
102
-salpinx
Fallopian (uterine) tube
103
-tocia
Labor, birth
104
-version
Act of turning
105
Dys-
Painful
106
Endo-
Within
107
In-
In
108
Intra-
Within
109
Multi-
Many
110
Nulli-
No, not, none
111
Pre-
Before
112
Primi-
First
113
Retro-
Backward
114
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important cause of and risk factor for:
Cervical cancer
115
Carcinoma of the cervix
- pap tests become abnormal
- biopsies reveal dysplasia (abnormal cell growth)
- or carcinoma in situ (CIS) = a localized form of cancer
116
___ ____ (___) may be necessary to treat CIS and precent development of __ ___
Local resection ( conization )
Invasive cancer
117
Surgical treatment for cervical cancer requires ____ (___) _____
Radical (complete) hysterectomy
118
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
119
Acute cervicitis is marked by
Cervical erosions or ulcerations and appear as raw, red patches on the cervical mucosa
Leukorrhea (clear, white or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge ) is also a sign of cervical erosion
120
Cervicitis- after the presence of malignancy has been excluded (by Pap test or biopsy), ________ (___ ___ __ ____) of the eroded area and treatment with abx may be indicated
Cryocauterization (destroying tissue by freezing)
121
Carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
Malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)
122
The most common sign of endometrial cancer is :
Postmenopausal bleeding
123
Endometrial cancer:
| -> postmenopausal bleeding
Occurs more often in women exposed to high levels of estrogen
124
Endometrial cancer: physicians perform
Endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, dilation or dilatation (widening the cervical canal) and curettage (scraping the inner lining of the uterus) for diagnosis
125
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
126
Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse
127
Fibroids
Benign tumors in the uterus
Also called leiomyomata, leiomyomas
Are composed of fibrous tissue and muscle
Fibroid ablation (destruction) w/o surgery is done with uterine artery embolization (UAE)
128
UAE
Tiny pellets (acting as emboli) are injected into a uterine artery, blocking the blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink
129
```
Ovarian carcinoma (cancer)
- 2 common types
```
1) serous (clear fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas
| 2) mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas
130
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abd cavity
131
Ovarian carcinoma : tx consists of
Total abd hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, removal of omentum, chemotherapy
132
Ovarian carcinoma : a protein marker produced by tumor cells, __ __, can be measured in the bloodstream to assess effectiveness of tx
CA 125
133
Inherited mutations in genes greatly increase the risk of developing ovarian and breast cancer. These mutations are
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (breast cancer 1 and breast cancer 2)
134
Prophylactic (___) oophorectomy significant reduces the odds of developing ovarian cancer if a woman is at high risk
Preventive
135
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac (cysts) in the ovary
136
Dermoid cysts
Contain skin, hair, teeth, and cartilage and arise from immature egg cells in ovary
This tumor is called benign cystic teratoma or a mature teratoma
137
Terat/o
Monster
138
Pelvic inflammatory disease
PID - inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis
139
The leading causes of PID are
STDs
140
After PID, women have an increased risk of
Ectopic pregnancy and infertility
141
Carcinoma of the breast
Arises from milk glands and ducts
Types: invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma
142
Lumpectomy
Removal of small primary tumors by removing lumps immediately surrounding the tissue
143
SNB
```
Sentinel node biopsy -> a blue dye or a radioisotope is injected into the tumor site and tracks to the axillary lymph nodes.
The sentinel (first) lymph node is identified. It is the one most likely to contain a tumor if cells have left the breast. The sentinel node is removed and biopsied
If it is negative for tumor cells, the breast cancer has not spread
```
144
Fibrocystic breast disease
Numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast
145
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
Occurs because of trauma, such as a fall, or may be secondary to vascular insufficiency resulting from hypertension or preeclampsia
146
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
147
Multiple gestations
More than one fetus inside the uterus
148
Placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus
149
Preeclampsia
Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high bp, proteinuria, edema, and HA
150
Eclampsia
Final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia
Often causes seizures and even death of the mother and baby
151
Apgar scoring chart consists of
```
HR
Respiratory effort
Muscle tone
Response to catheter in nostril (response to stimuli)
Color
```
152
Infants with apgar scores below __ require special immediate medical attention such as suctioning of the airways or o2 to help breathing
7
153
down syndrome
Chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
154
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor),incompatibility btwn the mother and the fetus
155
Hyaline membrane disease
Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn
Aka: respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Caused by deficiency of surfactant
156
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
157
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn
158
Pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
159
Pap test (pap smear)
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
160
Pregnancy test
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hcG
161
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
X ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
162
Mammography
x ray imaging of the breast
163
Breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
164
Pelvic ultrasonography
Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
165
Aspiration
Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction.
166
Cauterization
Destruction of tissue by burning
167
Colposcopy
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
168
Conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biospy) of the cervix
169
Cryosurgery
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
170
Culdocentesis
Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
171
Dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
172
Exenteration
Removal of internal organs within a cavity
173
Laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abd cavity using an endoscope
174
Tubal ligation
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
175
Abortion
AB
176
Amniocentesis
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
177
Cesarean section
Surgical incision of the abd wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
178
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Sampling of placental tissue (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
179
Fetal monitoring
Continuous recording of the fetal HR and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor
180
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization
181
Pelvimetry
Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
182
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropjn
183
IVF
In vitro fertilization
184
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
185
PMS
Premenstrual syndrome
186
____+_____= embryo
Ovum+Sperm
