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Female repro anatomy Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Ovary

A

Produces gametes and hormones that influence the rest of the reproductive tract

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2
Q

Oviduct

A

Optimal environment for fertilization and optimal pre-attachment development of the early embryo

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3
Q

Uterus

A

Environment for sperm transfer, early embryogenesis and site for attachment of the conceptus

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4
Q

Cervix

A

barrier that secretes mucous in estrus and produces cervical seal in pregnancy

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5
Q

vagina

A

copulatory organ that produces mucous for lubrication during estrrous

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6
Q

what are the components of the female repro tract

A
  1. ovaries
  2. oviduct
  3. uterus
  4. cervix
  5. vagina
  6. external genitalia
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7
Q

how many layers are found in the tubular organs? What are these organs with respect to female genitalia

A

4 layers
oviducts
uterus
cervix
vagina

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers found in tubular organs?

A

Serosal layer: continuous with peritoneum; single layer of squamous cells
Muscularis layer: circular (ext) and longitudinal (internal) layer of smooth muscle; provides ability to contract
Submucosa: contatins BVs, nerves
Mucosa: secretes substances vital for function of each region; lined with different type of epithelium depending on organ

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9
Q

Broad ligament

A

double layered peritoneum
- provides physical support and houses BVs, nerves and LNs

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10
Q

what are the 3ish components of the broad ligament?

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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11
Q

Mesovarium

A

supports ovarries and supplies the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to ovaries and forms the hilus

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12
Q

what is not part of the broad ligament but attaches the ovary to the uterus

A

utero-ovarian ligament or proper ligament of the ovary

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13
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

thin, serous part of the broad ligament
supports the oviducts
forms. brursa that surrunds the ovary
orients the infundibulum so that the ova released at ovulation have a high probability of entering the oviduct

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14
Q

Mesometrium

A

largest and most conspicuous part of the broad ligament
- supports the uterine horns and body of the uterus

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15
Q

function of the ovaries

A

produce gametes
produce estrogen and progesterone
CL produces relaxin, inhibin, oxytocin and activin

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16
Q

what is the outer connective tissue layer of the ovaries?

A

tunica albuginea

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17
Q

how is the ovary of the mare different from that of other species?

A

cortex in center, under medulla
ovulation fossa - where ovulation takes place
CL prortrude into ovarian tissue rather than out of surface
*in all other species the cortex is under the tunica albuginea with medulla within that

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18
Q

folliculogenesis

A

development of follicles from immature to a mature and becomes candidates for ovulation

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19
Q

what are the types of follicles?

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicles
  4. antral (or tertiary) follicles
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20
Q

what is the most immature follicle type?

A

primordial follicles

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21
Q

Primary follicles

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A

do not divide as females are born with a lifetime supply of primordial and primary follicles
- either develop into secondary follicles or degenerate

22
Q

Secondary follicles

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A

two or more layers of follicular cells
- follicular antrum start to develop
- oocyte has a thick surrounding layer = zona pellucida

23
Q

Antral (or tertiary) follicles

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A
  • large fluid filled antrum with follicular fluid
24
Q

when the antral follicle becomes a dominant pre-ovulatory follicle it can be known as _____________

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A

Graafian follicle

25
what are the 3 layers of the antral follicle?
1. theca eterna- surrounds and supports follicle 2. Theca interna - produce androgens under influence of LH => after ovulation, the theca cells work with granulosa cells to make progesterone 3. Granulosa cell layer - produces estrogen, inhibin, follicular fluid; cells have FSH receptors; govern maturation of oocyte
26
how does the uterotubal junction function in the mare?
control point that only allows fertilized oocytes to pass
27
what is the uterotubal junction?
where isthmus connects to uterus - in cattle this can be kinked under high estradiol => prevents embryos from entering the lumen until estradiol levels decrease and isthmus unkinks **no obvious kinking in other species
28
duplex uterus
- two cervical canals that divide each horn into a distinct compartment - 1 vaginal canal that opens to exterior with two types of divisions *rabbits and marsupials
29
marsupial uterus differences?
two separate vaginal canals from the single vaginal canal that then has two separate cervices
30
what is different about a rabbit uterus?
have a single vaginal canal that bifurcates into two cervices
31
bicornate uterus
two uterine horns and a small uterine body w/ single cervix - length of uterine body is dependent on fusion between paramesonephric ducts in the developing female fetus
32
what is the result of a high degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?
long uterine body and short horns *mare
33
what is the result of a moderate degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?
has intermediate uterine horns *goats, cows, and ewe
34
what is the result of a low degree of fusion in the bicornate uterus?
has a short uterine body and long uterine horns *sow, bitch, queen
35
simplex uterus
separation between uterine horns is lacking - single uterus opens into vagina through one cervix *Primates
36
Ruminants have areas on the endometrium calles _________
*caruncles - non-glandular - very vascular - protrude from surface of the uterus - give rise to maternal portion of placenta
37
what are characteristics of the endometrium in the sow and the mare
endometrial folds provide uterine surface for attachment of placenta
38
what are characteristics of the endometrium in queens?
placental scares which are pigmented areas of endometrium which are pervious placental attachment - bands around inside of uterus that are indicators of zonal placentation - zones of uterine repair that become less obvious with time
39
cervix
thick-walled, non-compliant organ - barrier to sperm transport: ewe cow, bitch - not a barrier in: mare and sow isolates uterus in pregnancy using a layer of viscous mucous
40
what is the cervix like in queens and bitches?
single cervical ring
41
what is the cervix like in sows?
cervical rings from interdigitating prominences
42
what is the cervix like in mares?
cervical folds that are longitudinal and are continuous with endometrium, but no cervical rings
43
what is the cervix like in ewes and cows?
cervical rings from finger like interlocking projections
44
what is the function of mucous within the cervix?
pushes foreign material out of the cervix that enters during copulation - likely reduces introduction of microorganisms into uterus - mucous composition changes w/ stage of estroud - under progesterone influence (i.e. with pregnancy) - will becomes quite viscous and can glue cervical folds together - forms cervical seal of pregnancy which prevents entry of micro-organisms into the pregnant uterus
45
Which animals are polyestrous?
cattle pigs rodents *cycle every month all year round
46
Seasonally polyestrous
horses goats sheep *cycle certain periods of time - typically ever 21 hays either light or dark
47
Monoestrous animals
Dog Wolves Bears *cycle anwhere from every 4-12 months
48
queens are ________ day breeders
long day breeders *seasonally polyestrous
49
ewe, doe, elk, nanny are __________ polyestrous and _________ day breeders
seasonally polyestrous short day breeders
50
what regulates the seasonality of breeding?
Photoperiod *pineal gland either increases or decreases cyclicity - secretes melatonin in dark* - melatonin can either promote or inhibit reproduction depending on the species
51
in Long day breeders ________ light means ________ melatonin. Melatonin in ___________ to these species
more; less melatonin is inhibitory so lack of melatonin promotes cyclicity
52
IN SHORT DAY breeders, ___________ light means _______ melatonin. In these species melatonin __________ cyclicity
LESS; MORE - in these species, melatonin promotes cyclicity => will cycle during months that have LESS daylight

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