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Pathology 3 > Female repro - uterus > Flashcards

Female repro - uterus Flashcards

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1
Q

uterine torsion

A
  • twisting or rotation of a part along its axis
  • affects pregnant uterus (cattle esp)
  • rotates cervix –> outcome depends on degree of rotation (circulatory problems)
  • sequela –> ruptured uterus (fetus can enter abdomen and become mummified, if cervix is open fetus putrefies)
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2
Q

uterine prolapse/eversion

A
  • cow and ewe
  • decreased uterine tone (hypotony) –> often associated with hypocalcemia (prolonged dystocia, retained placenta)
  • uterus turned partially inside out
  • complete eversion of uterus (intestine, uterine horn, bladder inside prolapsed horn –> necrosis)
  • death, shock, hemorrhage, loss of fluid/body heat
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3
Q

uterine rupture

A
  • seldom spontaneous –> torsion, prolonged dystocia, obstetrical procedures
  • most fatal (hemorrhage, secondary peritonitis)
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4
Q

hyperemia and edema

A
  • severe at estrus - bitch at proestrus (diapediis –> bleeding from intact vessel)
  • hyperemia associated with inflammation
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5
Q

uterine hemorrhage

A
  • dog/cat: normal hemorrhage at periphery of placentation
  • following torsion, uterine eversion
  • due to endometrial hyperplasia
  • due to neoplastic conditions
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6
Q

endometrial atrophy

A
  • loss of trophic ovarian function
  • senility (old dogs)
  • following ovariectomy
  • in disorders of sexual development
  • normal in mare during winter anestrus
  • endometrium is flattened, underlying stroma is condensed and contains inactive glands
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7
Q

etiology of endometrial hyperplasia in species other than the dog

A
  • produced by prolonged estrogenism

- functional ovarian follicular cyst or granulosa cell tumor

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8
Q

dogs and endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • occurs with estrogen coupled with prolonged progesterone
  • hormonal activity by ovarian tumors may lead to it
  • most ovaries in dogs with it contain normal CL
  • develops during long luteal phase
  • not a pre-cancerous change but irreversible
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9
Q

pathogenesis of canine endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • estrogen binds to estrogen receptors in endometrial epithelial cells and induces formation of intracellular progesterone receptors
  • progesterone causes secretion by endometrial glands
  • timing/duration of estrogen priming important
  • bacteria almost always present
  • drug induced progesteronism (used to keep dogs out of heat)
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10
Q

gross appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • uterine glands become hyperplastic and hypersecretory

- dog: uterine mucosa thickened, grossly visible cysts with clear watery content

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11
Q

microscopic appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • hyperplasia of surface epithelium
  • hyperplasia of glandular epithelium (papillary protrustions into lumen)
  • glands dilated - filled with fluid
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12
Q

conditions that follow cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • hydrometra (excess fluid in uterine lumen)
  • mucometra (mucoid material in lumen)
  • pyometra (uterus contains pus)
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13
Q

adenomyosis

A
  • benign condition characterized by in-growth of endometrium in myometrium
  • occurs in bitch, queen, cow
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14
Q

endometriosis

A
  • endometrium located outside the uterus

- occurs only in animals with menstrual cycle (nonhuman primates, women)

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15
Q

what does most uterine inflammation begin as

A

endometritis (inflammation of innermost layer of uterus –> endometrium)

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16
Q

estrogen v progesterone in uterine infections-

A
  • uterus under estrogen: resistant to infection (increased motility - physical clearance, neutrophil migration)
  • uterus under progesterone: susceptible to infection (increased secretion, immunosuppressant substances that inhibit lymphocytes
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17
Q

postpartum uterine infection occurrence

A

after abnormal birth (twins, abortion, retained placenta, dystocia)

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18
Q

causes of postpartum uterine infections

A
  • lochia (fluid in uterus after parturition)
  • organisms enter through cervix
  • streptococci (horses)
  • arcanobacterium oyogenes, e coli (cattle)
  • clostridium
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19
Q

progression of uterine involution

A
  • varies with species
  • mare: 9 days
  • cow: caruncles dequamate in 10 d, endometrial epithelial repair done by day 50
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20
Q

what diminishes uterine tone

A
  • excessive stretching (twins) - hydrops
  • general debilitation
  • absorption of toxins
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21
Q

what is endometritis

A
  • inflammation of endometrium
  • uterine mucosa only –> sometimes caused by mild infection
  • mildest forms occur as post breeding infections (tritrichomonas foetus, campylobacter, tayorella equigenitalis)
  • may cause early embryonal death
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22
Q

gross appearance of endometritis

A
  • opacity of mucus

- dark red mucosa

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23
Q

microscopic appearance of endometritis

A
  • leukocytes in mucosa

- neutrophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes in lamina propria

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24
Q

what is metritis

A
  • inflammation of entire uterine wall

- all layers of uterine wall inflamed - usually immediately after parturition

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25
features of metritis
- wall is flaccid and atonic - wall thickened with edema fluid, friable - serosa has hemorhage, fibrin tags - content - scant or abundant, malodorous, yellow to red-black
26
microscopic lesions of metritis
- suppurative inflammation with edema, leukocyte infiltration - hemorrhage and necrosis of endometrium - thrombosis of vessels
27
sequela of metritis
- death (toxemia) - pyemia (pus in blood --> endocarditis) - salpingitis - chronic metritis and endometritis - pyelonephritis
28
chronic metritis and endometritis
- sequela of metritis - plasma cell accumulations and fibrosis in submucosa - lamina propria replaced by granulation tissue - cystic glands - common cause of early embryonal death in older mares - diagnosis by endometrial bx
29
endometritis and metritis
- endometritis usually not from extension of metritis | - usually from uterine perforation caused by poor placement of infusion pipette, forced fetal extraction
30
what is pyometra
- acute or chronic suppurative inflammation of the uterus with accumulations of pus in the lumen - cervix is either partially or completely closed - cow, dog
31
causes of pyometra
- mechanical: scarred due to injury at birth or from iatrogenic causes --> fibrosis, cervical stenosis - anomalies: segmental aplasia - physiological cervical obstruction (most common): cervix partially closed --> requires influence of progesterone from functional or retained CL
32
pyometra of cow
- pre-existing uterine infection, course altered due to progesterone - uterine infection causes reduction of PGF2a (luteolytic) --> retained CL - retained CL produces progesterone --> uterus more susceptible to infection --> cervical closure, no myometrial contractions
33
clinical and gross features in cow pyometra
- usually in postpartum cow - retained CL - cervix partially closed (no cervical mucus plug) - pus in vagina - cow not sick or febrile - uterus somewhat swollen and flaccid (contains pus) - not usually life threatening
34
when does pyometra of dog/cat occur
- infected inflammations superimposed upon cystic endometrial hyperplasia subsequent to prolonged hormonal imbalance - many cases occur during pseudopregnancy
35
pathogenesis of canine/feline pyometra
- functional CL: produces cystic endometrial hyperplasia, increased secretion of uterine glands - progesterone makes uterus susceptible to infection - cervix functionally or partially closed - link to bacterial infectiob
36
clinical signs of canine/feline pyometra
- older animal (over 6) - acute disease --> vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, PU/PD, vaginal discharge - pendulous abdomen from pus in uterus - leukocytosis - vaginal discharge
37
gross appearance of canine/feline pyometra
- severely distended uterus - serosal surface congested and black - wall is friable --> uterine rupture, peritonitis - secondary infections
38
microscopic features of canine/feline pyometra
- cystic endometrial hyperplasia - inflammation superimposed (lumen filled with neutrophils, neutrophils in endometrium, plasma cells/lymphocytes in lamina propria)
39
sequelae of canine/feline pyometra
- death from toxemia - intermittent bacteria - myeloid hyperplasia of bone marrow - membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - polyuria
40
pyometra of mare
- most but not all follow postpartum infections - most continue to cycle during dz (may be irregular) - hormonal influences not important - weight of pus in uterus may keep it from emptying - endometrial damage decreases PGF2a - streptococci
41
early embryonal death info
- embryo: first trimester of pregnancy - common in most species (fertilized ova degenerate, reabsorbed, discharged) - prolonged time between estrus cycles
42
etiology of early embryonal death
- embryo chromosomal abnormality - mild uterine infection - viral infection - unknown (most common)
43
what is a fetus defined as
later stage of development after skeletal ossification (2nd or 3rd trimester)
44
abortion
expulsion of the fetus prior to time of expected viability
45
stillbirth
dead fetus delivered within a time of expected viability
46
fetal death in monotocous animals (one offspring per litter)
- early fetal death: incomplete resorption | - late fetal death: expulsion
47
fetal death in polytocous animals (large litters)
- if all fetuses die at same time: abortion | - if few die: mummification (others live until term)
48
fetal mummification
- in utero desiccation of dead fetus - often in pigs (cows - fetus retained indefinitely) - bacterial infection not present - gross: fetus dark brown and leathery, membranes may be tightly adhered - cervix closed up until time of expulsion - no long term adverse effects on breeding
49
fetal maceration
- in utero putrefaction of dead fetus - depends on bacterial infection of low virulence - endometrtitis - some of fluid of maceration absorbed - remaining tissue expelled - CL regressed, cervix open - dystocia, incomplete abortion
50
emphysematous fetus
- dead fetus in utero infected by gas forming bacteria - bacteria usually enter through cervix - usually occurs near term - dystocia, cervix open - fetus distended with gas - often fatal to damn
51
when does intercodyledonary placentation develop
when size and numbers of regular placentomes are insufficient
52
deficiency/damage to placentation
- deficiency on dam's endometrial side of placenta (caruncle) - damage usually due to infection
53
compensation in placentation
- increase in size of remaining caruncles, may fuse - new caruncles develop between larger ones - placental attachments to new caruncles are insecure and pregnancy ends in abortion/hydroallantois
54
what is hydramnios/hydrallantois
- hydramnios: hydrops of the amnion - hydrallantois: hydrops of the allantois - accumulation of excessive fluid and edema in fetal membranes combined with fetal anascara (generalized infiltration of edema fluids into SQ CT) - cows only
55
what are hydramnios and hydrallantois due to
- hydramnios: fetal malformation | - hydrallantois: adventitial placentation
56
what do hydroamnios/hydrallantois lead to
- dystocia - uterine paralysis - retained placenta - acute metritis
57
amniotic plaques
- placenta slowly degenerates throughout normal pregnancy - focal areas of squamous metaplasia on internal surface of amnion and on umbilical stump - flat and discrete - commonly mistaken for placental lesions - amniotic plaques found in normal placenta
58
serosal cysts
- thin fluid-filled cysts on serosal surface of uterus - seen in postpartum bitch/cow - retention cyst from pinched off segments of serosal epithelium (occurs during involution of postpartum uterus)
59
fetal lung and bacterial abortion
bronchopneumonia (brucellosis, acranobacterium pyogenes)
60
placenta and bacterial abortion
- placentitis - yellowing --> necrosis - blood-tinged cotyledons and inter-cotyledonary areas - thickened placental membranes (opaque)
61
liver and bacterial abortion
- focal hepatic necrosis - listeriosis: cattle, 1-2mm focal pale areas in liver (gram + rods) - campylobacter fetus subsp fetus: sheep, 1cm necrotic areas in liver
62
heart and bacterial abortion
pericarditis as evidenced by thick pericardium containing fibrin strands
63
abdominal cavity and bacterial abortion
fibrin strands suggest peritonitis
64
mycotic abortion
- placenta: severely thickened and necrotic placental membranes (placentitis and placental necrosis) - skin: focal dermatitis - lung: bronchopneumonia
65
liver and viral abortions
- multifocal necrosis, 1mm pale foci | - IBR, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, pseudorabies
66
viral abortions and early embryonic death
- BVD virus | - porcine parvovirus
67
viral abortions and embryonal developmental arrests
cerebellar hypoplasia (BVD, hog cholera, feline panleukopenia)
68
examples of protozoal abortion
- toxoplasma gondii (sheep) | - neospora caninum (cattle, dog)
69
lesions in protozoal abortion
- non-suppurative encephalitis and meningitis - non-suppurative myositis and myocarditis - mineralization of the placenta (small white foci of mineral) - prozotoal cysts hitologically

Pathology 3 (11 decks)

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