Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VET433: Renal, Endocrine, Urinary > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how many times a year do female dogs cycle

A

1-2x per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is considered day 0 of the female cycle

A

the day of the LH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does day 0 allow you to predict

A

fertile window (days 3-4)
prediction of whelping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anestrus

A

not in heat or close to being in heat
can be 4-9 months long depending how many times the dog cycles in a year

NO hormonal influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

proestrus

A

increase in estrogen - starting to become under estrogen influence

lasts 8 days

males are interested but females are NOT receptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

estrus

A

“heat”

female becomes under the influence of estrogen

female is interested and receptive

estrogen starts decreasing, progesterone starts increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

diestrus

A

luteal phase; occurs post ovulation

progesterone levels are HIGH

female is not receptive

lasts 3-4 months and either terminates in whelping (if go pregnant) or the CL dissipates after 9 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of cyclicity do cats have

A

seasonally polyestrous

several cycles during the breeding season only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the breeding season for cats

A

spring and summer (daylight >12 hr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of ovulators are cats

A

induced ovulators
- will ovulate during copulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if cat is bred and fertilized during heat - what happens

A

induced LH surge –> ovulation –> pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if cat is bred but not fertilized - what happens

A

induced LH surge –> ovulation –> diestrus –> interestrus –> repeated proestrus + estrus cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if cat is not bred - what happens

A

interestrus –> repeated proestrus + estrus cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does clinical ovulation timing allow you to do

A

ID the fertile window
accurately predict due date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

benefits of clinical ovulation timing

A

able to use suboptimal semen (chilled, frozen, etc)
optimizes breeding efficacy
higher success rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what diagnostics are used for ovulation timing

A
  1. vaginal cytology
  2. vaginoscopy
  3. serum hormone levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

main function of vaginal cytology

A

acts as a biomarker of ESTROGEN levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of vaginoscopy

A

determine when the ova are mature and most fertilizable based on the characteristics of the vaginal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of performing serum hormone levels

A

progesterone and LH

can help determine ovulation date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

role of estrogen

A

causes progressive thickening of the vaginal mucosa in preparation for mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

are blood estrogen levels or vaginal cytology and vaginoscopy a better indicator of estrogen effect

A

vaginal cytology + vaginoscopy is a more clinically relevant method of assessing estrogen levels

tells you when the dog is in heat and when to start running progesterone blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

do estrogen levels correlate with ovulation time or the fertilization window

A

NO - dependent on LH and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

function of luteinizing hormone

A

triggers ovulation (LH surge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how long after the LH surge does ovulation occur

A

24-36 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how long does egg maturation occur after LH surge
48-72 hours
26
how long does diestrus occur after LH surge
7-9 days
27
what is the gold standard test for identifying the fertile period
blood LH levels BUT can be expensive and hard to catch sample on the correct day
28
what is the most applicable test to determine the day of the LH surge
blood progesterone levels progesterone will start to INCREASE immediately after the LH surge - rise in progesterone indicates onset of ovulation
29
function of progesterone in dogs
causes preovulatory luteinization in DOGS only
30
does preovulatory luteinization occur in cats
no - only occurs in dogs allows us to estimate the LH surge before it occurs by assessing a rise in progesterone
31
how to ID the fertile period using progesterone levels
progesterone increases at the time of LH surge - expect an increase starting once progesterone reaches 1.5-3.0 ng/mL once progesterone reaches 1.5-3.0 --> repeat in 48 hours repeat test should be >5 if ovulated
32
vaginal mucosa during proestrus
edematous, thickened vaginal mucosa stimulated by estrogen
33
vaginal mucosa during estrus
"crenulated" - toughened mucosa due to decreased edema BEST time to breed
34
preovulatory follicles on ultrasound
large follicles with hypoechoic fluid inside
35
ovulatory follicles on ultrasound
collapsed follicles with echogenic center
36
postovulatory follicles on ultrasound
CLs develop (thicker wall)
37
steps of performing ovulation timing
1. perform cytology within 7 days of coming into heat (during proestrus) - if still too early - repeat cytology every 2-4 days if still too early 2. perform serial hormone assays once there are >70-80% superficial cells on cytology - progesterone every 48 hrs - check for initial rise at 1.5-3.0 --> indicates day 0 - expect fertile period at day 3-7 3. on breeding day (days 3-7) - repeat vaginal cytology + vaginoscopy to check for full cornification/crenulation 4. follow up cytology to ID onset of diestrus to predict due date (count forward from day 1 of estrus)
38
what days of the cycle should natural breeding or fresh AI be used
days 3 and 5 or days 4 and 6 >96% conception rate
39
what days of the cycle should chilled semen be used
days 3 and 5 or days 4 and 6 80% conception rate
40
what days of the cycle should frozen semen be used
days 5 and 6 or day 6 alone
41
options for how to determine whelping date
1. count from day 1 of diestrus 2. count from day of LH surge 3. count from breeding date (less reliable)
42
gestation length from day 1 of diestrus
56-58 days from day 1 of estrus determined on vaginal cytology - <50% superficial cells; approx 7-9 days after LH surge
43
gestation length from day 0 (LH surge)
64-66 days regardless of breeding date determined by the initial rise in progesterone
44
gestation length from breeding date
wide range - 58-72 days from first breeding LESS ACCURATE - varies by estrual behavior and sperm longevity
45
steps of a prebreeding consultation
1. PE - evaluate for conformational abnormalities 2. temperament evaluation 3. infectious disease screening 4. discuss genetic screening by breed 5. discuss breeding husbandry 6. special studies - plan ovulation timing, discuss labor and C-section, discuss stud dog or tom cat
46
what infectious disease testing needs to be done prior to breeding
canine brucellosis on ALL females (ideally all males too) before breeding vaginal cultures are NOT commonly done because normal growth of aerobic organisms and mycoplasma can be normal
47
effects of canine brucellosis
abortion infertility orchitis epididymitis testicular atrophy meningitis uveitis discospondylitis
48
transmission of canine brucellosis
oral and venereal
49
does exposure to canine herpesvirus-1 on naive females guarantee antibody transfer to neonate
ONLY if exposed early in gestation prior to the LAST THREE WEEKS if an unexposed female gets exposed to CHV-1 in the last 3 weeks of gestation - will not have enough time to generate antibodies to pass onto neonate
50
effects of naive neonates to CHV-1 during first 3 weeks
death most likely
51
CHV-1 screening
performed on the dam if positive --> indicates sufficient maternal antibodies to pass onto the pup in colostrum if negative --> dam should be quarantined for 3 weeks prior to whelping AND 3 weeks after whelping (with pups) to avoid contact with CHV in environment
52
is there a CHV-1 vaccine available in the US
no
53
what are the indications to terminate a pregnancy
1. accidental breedings 2. genetic disease 3. pregnancy is contraindicated in that animal (ex. dam has a treatable disease but the treatment is contraindicated with pregnancy)
54
what to recommend to an owner that is concerned about an accidental breeding
NO intermediate interventions - early pregnancy is refractory to medical abortion advise owner that majority of misbred dogs will not get pregnant have to wait 25-30 days to do a pregnancy check with ultrasound
55
what is the window for medical or surgical termination of pregnancy
after day 35 of gestation before day 49 of gestation (before 8th week)
56
methods of terminating a pregnancy
1. surgical (OVH) 2. medical - oral dexamethasone vs SQ prostaglandins
57
when is OVH abortion recommended
accidental pregnancies where the damn is not planned to be bred in the future
58
when are medical abortions indicated
dog plans to be bred in the future surgery or anesthesia is contraindicated
59
medical abortion options
1. PO dexamethasone - done at home 2. SQ prostaglandin - done in hospital
60
side effects of medial abortion
galactorrhea - mammary development + milk due to reflex prolactin production abbreviated diestrus - will come into heat sooner than expected
61
what should always be done after a medical abortion
post therapy ultrasound to confirm evacuation of the uterus
62
what test is used as a biomarker for estrogen levels
vaginal cytology
63
what phenomena occurs in female dogs that permits evaluation of the 12-24 hr LH surge
initial rise in progesterone due to preovulatory luteinization
64
functions of ovulation timing
1. ID fertile window 2. predict due date accurately
65
what infectious disease testing should be done prior to breeding
canine brucellosis +/- CHV-1
66
window to terminate pregnancy
after day 35 before 8th week medical therapies do NOT work early in gestation

VET433: Renal, Endocrine, Urinary (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions