Female Reproduction

Question 0

How long is spermatozoa viable? ovum?

Answer 0

48-72 hours after discharge

24-36 hours after ovulation

Question 1

When may fertilization occur?

Answer 1

When discharged spermazoa encounter the ovum in the fallopian tube

Question 2

How long does it take for the fertilized ovum to reach the uterus after ovulation?

Answer 2

3-4 days

Question 3

What presence in urine is an indication of pregnancy?

Answer 3

hCG

Question 4

What is the primary source of female reproductive hormones?

Answer 4

Ovaries

Question 5

What are the two main groups of hormones?

Answer 5

Estrogens and Progesterones

Question 6

What hormones are synthesized and released under the control of FSH? LH?

Answer 6

Estrogen

Progesterone

Question 7

What can synthesize some amounts of progesterone during prenancy?

Answer 7

The fetoplacental unit

Question 8

What gland can secrete some amounts of progesterone in males and females?

Answer 8

Adrenal Cortex

Question 9

When do the ovaries produce the sex hormones? Mature ova (oogenesis)?

Answer 9

Puberty

Very early in fetal development

Question 10

Each ovary can bear up to how many oocytes during embryogenesis? How much is this reduced to viable ova at birth? At time of puberty?

Answer 10

3 million
1 million
250,000

Question 11

Which hormone mainly promotes and maintains pregnancy and has little effect on the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 11

Progesterone

Question 12

When does the secretion of LH, FSH, and estrogens increase? What also contributes to an increase?

Answer 12

As puberty nears

Adrenal cortex commences the secretion of androgen dehydroepiandrostenedione 2 years after pubertal onset

Question 13

What are the secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 13

1. Breast development (first sign-telarche)
2. Pubic hair (adrenarche)
3. Menstruation (menarche)
4. Spurt of long bone growth (12-16 cessation of growth)
5. Decreased sebaceous gland activity
6. Decreased aggression

Question 14

What controls the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

The pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 15

What is the process of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Secretion of GnRH that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH –> stimulates 6-12 primary follicles to develop to secondary

Question 16

What is the proliferative phase characterized by? What causes this to occur?

Answer 16

Rich blood supply, dilation of cervix, secretion of thin, watery mucus –> ensures relatively unhindered transport of sperm to uterus (after day 13)
Increase in estrogen

Question 17

What characterizes the secretory phase? What does it act on?

Answer 17

Thickened endometrium begins to secrete glycoproteins which give nutritional support to ovum if fertilized
The cervix begins to constrict and cervical mucus becomes more viscous
Acts on hypothalamus to slightly increase body temp and cause brief breast enlargement

Question 18

What happens to the corpus luteum and estrogen and progesterone in the absence of fertilization?

Answer 18

Dies off, declines by day 7

Question 19

What leads to necrosis of endometrium? What is it characterized by?

Answer 19

Failure to maintain secretory endometrium as a result of declining steroids secretion
Constriction of blood vessels, deprivation of oxygen, release prostaglandins, and uterine contraction
Increased blood supply to the dead endometrium - dislodge cell debris - menstrual flow

Question 20

What is dysmenorrhea? and what is it from?

Answer 20

Menstrual cramps and pain result from the released prostaglandins

Question 21

What drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and provide relief?

Answer 21

Aspirin and paracetamol

Question 22

What are common psychological and physical symptoms of menstruation?

Answer 22

Depression
Breast tenderness
Sleep disorders

Question 23

What are functions of relaxin secreted by the corpus luteum?

Answer 23

Inhibition of uterine motility, softening of cervix at the time of delivery, and relaxing of pubic symphysis ligaments

Question 24

What happens when the placenta secretes HPL (Human Placental Lactogen) in pregnancy?

Answer 24

lipolysis and enhances breast

Question 25

What other hormones rise during pregnancy due to the demand of the fetus upon the mother?

Answer 25

TH, adrenal corticosteroids and PTH

Question 26

What is parturition?

Answer 26

Birth (fetus leaving womb)

Question 27

What is menopause? Age? First sign?

Answer 27

Failure to develop follicles and secretion of estrogens/progesterone lead to cessation of menstruation Ages 40-51 menstual cycle becomes increasingly irregular

Question 28

What is climacteric?

Answer 28

Events prior to menopause and shortly after

Question 29

What are some postmenopausal changes?

Answer 29

- Decline in the secretion of female sex hormones - Regression of female secondary sexual characteristics - Osteoporosis - Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and depression

Question 30

How does estrogen help in postmenopausal cases?

Answer 30

- Control hot flashes - Inhibition of regression of secondary characteristics - Delay of the onset of osteoporosis

Question 31

What is primary amenorrhea? How does it occur?

Answer 31

``` delayed puberty (menstruation never occurs) Disorder of hypothalamus, ovaries or anterior pituitary ```

Question 32

What is Turner's Syndrome? How does it occur? What does it do?

Answer 32

Missing X Chromosome Abnormal ovaries development Cause a deficiency of estrogens and progesterone and high level of LH and FSH due to reduced negative feedback

Question 33

What is secondary amenorrhea? What are common causes?

Answer 33

cessation of normal menstrual cycle after onset | Pregnancy and menopause

Question 34

What is polycystic ovarian disease (Stein-Leventhal syndrome)?

Answer 34

Increased secretion of androgens by both the ovaries and adrenal glands Suppresses ovulation and may be treated with estrogen administration or androgen receptor antagonists

Question 35

What are causes of infertility?

Answer 35

Anatomical disorders Cervical mucus is hostile to sperm in some women Luteal insufficiency Production of antisperm antibodies

Question 36

What are side effects of estrogen and progesterone contraceptives?

Answer 36

``` Major: breast cancer and cardiovascular disease Minor: Nausea and vomiting (estrogen only) Fluid retention breast enlargement weight gain mood change increased body hair growth amenorrhea (progesterone) ```