Female reproductive physiology Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
GnRH acts via the
A
IP3 mechanism
2
Q
secrete GnRH into the hypothalamic– hypophysial portal blood
A
Arcuate nuclei
3
Q
GnRH smulates the anterior pituitary to secrete
A
FSH and LH
4
Q
In male
FSH secretes?
A
Sertoli cell/
5
Q
In male
LH secretes?
A
Leydigcell/ theca cell
6
Q
Sertoli cell secretes?
A
Granulosa cell
Inhibin
7
Q
Function of granulosa cell?
A
Spermatogenesis
8
Q
Function of inhibin?
A
Negative feedback of FSH secretion
9
Q
Function of leydig/theca cell
A
Testosterone synthesis
10
Q
PUBERTY is iniated by the onset of
A
Pulsatile GnRH
11
Q
Ovulaon is suppressed as long as lactaon connues because of
A
Prolactin
12
Q
Prolactin effect in suppression of ovulation
A
Inhibits hypothalamic GnRH secreon
Antagonizes the acons of LH and FSH on the ovaries
13
Q
Action of FSH
A
Steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
– Follicular development beyond the antralstage
– Ovulaon
– Luteinizaon
14
Q
Action of LH
A
Smulates ovulaon,
formation of corpus luteum,
and synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (ovary
15
Q
FSH and LH is related structurally to what hormone?
A
TSH
16
Q
Alpha sub unit
A
Identical
17
Q
Beta sub unit
A
Unique
18
Q
FSH, L H and TSH are belong to one family
A
Glycoprotein family
19
Q
Enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone?
A
Desmolase
20
Q
Enzyme that converts orticosterone to aldosterone
A
Ldosteone synthase
21
Q
Enzyme that convert deoxycortisol to cortiol
A
Hydroxylase
22
Q
Enzyme that convert testosterone to estradiol
A
Aromatase
23
Q
Stimulate desmolase?
A
ACTH
24
Q
Estrogen Causes maturation and maintenance of the
A
Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vagina
25
Estrogen Causes the development of female
Secondary sex characteristics at puberty
26
Estrogen Has both __________ and ________ effects on FSH and LH secreon
Negative and positve feedback
27
Ovary
Estradiol ( most potent)
28
Placenta
Estriol ( pregnancy )
29
Addipose tissue
Estrone ( menopause )
| Via aromatization
30
Estogen potency
estradiol > estriol > estrone
31
Estrogen Causes proliferaon and development of
Ovarian ganulosa cell
32
Estrogen maintains
Pregnancy
33
Estrogen Lowers the ____________to ___________ during pregnancy
Uterine threshold
| Contractile stimuli
34
Estrogen stimulates prolactin secretion but not in
Breast
35
Progesterone Has negave feedback effects on FSH and LH secreon during
Luteal phase
36
Raises the uterine threshold to contracle smuli during pregnancy
Progesterone
37
Progesterone Parcipates in development of the
Breast
38
How many primary oocyte at birth
2 million
39
How many primary oocyte at onset of puberty
400,000
40
Remaining follicles are depleted at a rate of _____ follicles per month unl age ___
1000
| 35
41
Aer 35 yo, the rate becomes ( reducing number of follicles )
Faster
42
400 follicles are normally released during female reproducve life
400 oppurtunities of pregnancy
43
99.9% of follicles undergo
Atresia via apoptosis
44
Primary oocytes begin Meiosis I during ________and complete meiosis I just before _________
Fetal life
| Ovulation
45
Meiosis begins but levels of proteins required for completion of meiosis are too low
Oocyte arrest ot prophase 1
46
Oocytes arrst at prophase 1 until?
Ovulation
47
As the oocyte grows, it synthesizes enough proteins (CDK 1, cyclin) to complete meiosis but HIGH cAMP levels actively maintain arrest Therefore: Primary oocyte is
Meiotically competent but arrested
48
A few hours after OVULATION , oocyte completes meiosis I, and Meiosis II is arrested at __________until ___________
Metaphase 2
| Fertilization
49
If fertilization does not occur within 1 day à secondary oocyte
Degenerates
50
Day 1- 14 of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase
| Antral - dominant follicle
51
Increase progesterone because of corpus luteum
Lutheal phase
52
If sperm penetrate the dominant follicle it will begin
Fertilization or implantation
53
Increase during pregnancy, or positive in pregnancy
HCG
54
Gonadotrophins
HCG, FSH, LH
55
Steroid hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
56
Ovarian cycle
Antrial follicle
Dominant follicle
Corpus luteum
Fertilization ( if sperm penetrate )
57
Antral follicle
During menses
58
Dominant follicle
Before and during ovulation
59
Increase during ovulation; increase during pregnancy. (Steroid hormone)
Estrogen
60
Steroid hormone that increase during luteal phase and also increase during pregnancy
Progesterone
61
Increase FSH, LH and estradiol during?
Ovulation
62
Decrease FSH and LH during?
Luteal phase and menses
63
Progesterone and estrogen secretes after?
Menses
64
Regular days of mense
1-3
65
Follicular- ovary
Proliferative- uterus
66
Luteal- ovary
Secretory- uterus
67
Normal cycle
28 days
68
Ovulation in irregular cycle
Days of cycle -14
69
muscular tubes with the distal ends close to the surface of each ovary and the proximal ends traversing the wall of the uterus
Oviducts
70
4 secons of oviducts (distal to proximal
Infudibullum + fimbriae
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural or uterine segment
71
Where fertilization occur?
Ampullary- isrhmus junction
72
Site for sperm storage § Secrete fluids that provide nutrional support to preimplantaon embryo
Ampullary-isthmus junction
73
single organ that sits in the midline of the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum
Uterus
74
Innermost utrerus
Endometrium mucosa
75
Middle uterus
Myometrium three layered muscularis layer
76
Outermost uterus
Perimetrium serosa
77
which is the poron that rises superiorly from the entrance of the oviducts
Fundus
78
which makes up most of the uterus
Body of the uterus
79
short narrowed part of the body at its inferior end
Isthmus
80
About two thirds of the luminal side of the endometrium is lost during menstruation and is called the
Functional zone or stratum functionalis
81
The basal third of the endometrium that remains after menstruation is called the
Basal zone or stratum basale
82
The basal zone is fed by ______________ that are separate from the spiral arteries, and it contains all the cell types of the endometrium
Straight arteries
83
Cell type of endothelium
Epithelial cell
Stromal cell
Endothelial cell
84
The endocervical canal is lined by a _______________ that secretes __________ in a hormonally responsive manner
Simple columnar epithelium
| Cervical mucus
85
In cervix
Stimulates the production of a copious quanty of thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that is an ideal environment for sperm
Estrogen
86
In cervix
stimulates the producon of a scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus that is hostile to sperm
Progesteron
87
Lining epithelium of vagina
Stratified squamous epithelium
88
The _______________ of the vaginal epithelium are connually desquamang, and the nature of these cells is influenced by the hormonal environment
Superficial cell
89
In vagina
smulates proliferaon of the vaginal epithelium and increases its glycogen content
Estrogen
90
The glycogen is metabolized to lacc acid by commensal lactobacilli, thereby maintaining an acidic environment
inhibits infecon by noncommensal bacteria and fungi
91
increases the desquamaon of epithelial cells of vagina
Progesterone
92
Estrogen is required for closure of the _____________ of long bones in both sexes
Epiphysial plates
93
Estrogen promotes the survival of osteoblasts and apoptosis of osteoclasts, thereby favoring bone formaon over resorpon
Bone anabolic effect
94
smulates intesnal Ca++ absorpon
Calciotropic effect
95
The overall effect of estradiol-‐17β on the liver is to
Improve circulating lipoprotein profiles
96
Increases expression of the LDL receptor, thereby increasing clearance of cholesterol-‐rich LDL parcles by the liver. – increases circulang levels of HDL
Effects of estrogen and progesterone in th liver
97
have significantly less cardiovascular disease than men or postmenopausal women do
Premenopausal women
98
Estrogen promotes vasodilaon through increased producon of _________ relaxes vascular smooth muscle and inhibits platelet acvaon
Nitric oxide
99
Effects of estrogen and progesterone
increases _____________ producon and deposion in the dermis and promotes wound healing
Glycosaminoglycan
100
increase collagen synthesis and inhibit (along with progesterone) the breakdown of collagen by suppressing matrix ____________
Metalloproteinases
101
Estrogen is _________________ : inhibits neuronal cell death in response to hypoxia or other insults
Neuroprotective
102
Progesterone: increase the set point for thermoregulaon, thereby elevang body temperature approximately 0.5°F. à basis for using body temperature measurements to determine whether ____________ has occurred
Ovulation
103
Loss of progesterone on demise of the corpus luteum of menstruaon is the basis for
premenstrual dysphoria (premenstrual syndrome [PMS
104
Estrogen decreases adipose ssue by decreasing lipoprotein lipase acvity and
Increasing hormone sensitive lipase
105
Loss of estrogen results in the accumulaon of adipose tissue, especially in the
Abdomen
