Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
A
Ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary gland.
2
Q
What gland is also considered part of the female reproductive system?
A
Mammary gland.
3
Q
What is the female gonad that corresponds to the testis in males?
A
Ovary.
4
Q
What are the dual functions of the ovary?
A
Exocrine (production of ova) and endocrine (production of estrogen and progesterone).
5
Q
What is the epithelium covering the ovary called and what is its origin?
A
Germinal epithelium, a modification of visceral peritoneum.
6
Q
What type of epithelium covers the ovary in embryos vs. later in life?
A
Simple cuboidal in embryos; changes to simple squamous later in life.
7
Q
The ovarian surface epithelium is continuous with which structure?
A
Mesovarium.
8
Q
What connective tissue capsule lies under the germinal epithelium of the ovary?
A
Tunica albuginea ovarii.
9
Q
How does the tunica albuginea ovarii compare to that of the testis?
A
It is similar but thinner.
10
Q
What are the two zones of the ovarian parenchyma?
A
Cortex (outer) and medulla (inner).
11
Q
In which animal is the cortex and medulla reversed in position?
A
Mare.
12
Q
How does ovulation occur in the mare due to the ovarian structure?
A
Through the ovulation fossa, which connects the inner cortex to the surface.
13
Q
What structures are found in the ovarian cortex?
A
Follicles at various stages, atretic follicles, corpora lutea, interstitial cells, and loose connective tissue.
14
Q
What components are found in the ovarian medulla?
A
Large vessels, lymphatics, nerves, loose connective tissue with elastic and reticular fibers, and smooth muscle strands.
15
Q
What are the cortex and medulla sometimes referred to as?
A
Cortex = functional part; Medulla = vascular part.
16
Q
Where are ovarian follicles located?
A
In the stroma of the ovarian cortex.
17
Q
In which age group are ovarian follicles more numerous?
A
Younger animals.
18
Q
What happens to follicle number with age?
A
Decreases progressively.
19
Q
What is the smallest and most numerous ovarian follicle?
A
Primordial follicle.
20
Q
Where are primordial follicles located?
A
At the periphery of the cortex beneath the tunica albuginea.
21
Q
What are the structural components of a primordial follicle?
A
A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat or squamous follicular cells.
22
Q
What type of granulosa cells surround the oocyte in a primary follicle?
A
A single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells.
23
Q
What happens to granulosa cells as the follicle matures?
A
They multiply and form several layers.
24
Q
What direction do developing primary follicles migrate and why?
A
Move deeper toward the medulla for nourishment (except in horses).
25
What structural feature indicates a follicle is developing beyond the primary stage?
Appearance of an antrum.
26
What does the antrum separate?
The oocyte from the surrounding follicular cells.
27
What is another name for the vesicular follicle?
Graafian follicle or tertiary follicle.
28
Which follicle is the largest in the ovary?
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle.
29
What happens to the surface of the ovary as the Graafian follicle matures?
It bulges from the surface.
30
What is the young ovum inside the follicle called?
Primary oocyte.
31
What is the clear membrane surrounding the ovum?
Zona pellucida.
32
What are the granulosa cells arranged around the zona pellucida called?
Corona radiata.
33
What is the term for the cluster of cells anchoring the oocyte to the membrana granulosa?
Cumulus oophorus.
34
What is the antrum filled with?
Follicular fluid or liquor folliculi.
35
What structure secretes estrogen within the follicle?
Membrana granulosa (granulosa cells).
36
What connective tissue layer encloses the granulosa cells?
Theca folliculi.
37
What are the two layers of the theca folliculi and their components?
Inner theca interna: fibroblasts
Outer theca externa: collagen fibers
38
What structure forms from the mature follicle after ovulation?
Corpus luteum.
39
What process leads to the formation of the corpus luteum?
Ovulation causes the mature follicle to rupture, releasing liquor folliculi. The follicular wall collapses, folds, and granulosa cells become lutein cells.
40
What is released from the follicle during ovulation?
Liquor folliculi.
41
What is the fate of follicular cells of the membrana granulosa post-ovulation?
They enlarge, accumulate lipid, and transform into lutein cells.
42
What is the appearance of lutein cells?
Plump, pale staining, polygonal cells.
43
What fills the antrum after ovulation?
Lutein cells.
44
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone.
45
What are follicles that degenerate and fail to mature called?
Atretic follicles.
46
What are the characteristic features of atretic follicles?
Shrunken primary oocyte and granulosa cells undergoing dissolution.
47
What does the ovarian cycle refer to?
Periodic structural changes in the ovary in relation to the estrous cycle.
48
Which hormones influence the ovarian cycle?
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone).
49
Where are FSH and LH secreted from?
Pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
50
What occurs during the proestrus stage of the ovarian cycle?
Accelerated growth of primordial follicles due to FSH.
51
What happens during the estrus stage of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation occurs, releasing the primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body.
52
What stage is marked by corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion?
Metestrus.
53
What effect does progesterone have during metestrus?
It initiates development of the uterine wall for pregnancy.
54
What is diestrus characterized by?
Maximum corpus luteum development and maximum progesterone secretion.
55
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
It involutes and becomes a corpus albicans.
56
What is anestrus?
A period of ovarian quiescence between breeding seasons.
57
What happens to follicular development during anestrus?
It is arrested.
58
What causes the bean-shaped appearance of mare ovaries?
Presence of an ovulation fossa or fossa ovarii.
59
Why do sow ovaries appear lobulated?
Due to numerous follicles, corpora lutea, or both.
60
In which species does the corpus luteum persist regardless of pregnancy?
Bitch (female dog).
61
How long does the corpus luteum persist in bitches?
Throughout a period equal to normal gestation.
62
What is the site of fertilization in female reproductive tract?
Oviduct or uterine tube.
63
Enumerate the four regions of the oviduct.
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural part.
64
What is the shape and feature of the infundibulum?
Funnel-shaped; has fimbriae (finger-like projections).
65
Which is the longest portion of the oviduct?
Ampulla.
66
Which part of the oviduct connects with the uterus?
Isthmus.
67
What is the terminal part of the oviduct that extends through the uterine wall?
Intramural part.
68
Describe the tunica mucosa of the oviduct.
Extensively folded, almost obliterating the lumen with irregular spaces.
69
What type of epithelium lines the oviduct?
Simple columnar epithelium, intermittently ciliated.
70
What are the non-ciliated cells of the oviduct epithelium called?
Peg cells.
71
What type of connective tissue is in the lamina propria of the oviduct?
Loose connective tissue without glands.
72
Is muscularis mucosae present in the oviduct?
No.
73
Describe the tunica muscularis of the oviduct.
Typical, except in isthmus where it has 3 layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal.
74
Describe the tunica serosa of the oviduct.
Typical serosa.
75
What is the function of the uterus?
Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum.
76
What are the three regions of the uterus?
Horns, body, cervix.
77
What uterine type is found in most domestic species?
Bicornuate.
78
Describe the uterus in primates.
Simplex uterus with prominent body, two small horns, and cervix.
79
What is the function of the cervix?
Acts as a valve separating uterus from vagina.
80
What special feature does the bitch’s cervix have?
Contains glands like the uterus.
81
Is the cervix glandular in other species?
Usually devoid of glands.
82
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium.
83
What is the endometrium equivalent to in tubular organs?
Tunica mucosa.
84
What epithelium lines the endometrium?
Simple columnar (with patches of pseudostratified columnar in sow and cow).
85
What does the lamina propria of the endometrium contain?
Loose connective tissue and simple or branched tubular uterine glands.
86
What are uterine caruncles?
Highly vascularized, gland-free areas in ruminants for fetal cotyledon attachment.
87
What is the myometrium equivalent to in tubular organs?
Tunica muscularis.
88
What are the layers of smooth muscle in the myometrium?
Thick inner circular and thin outer longitudinal.
89
What is the stratum vasculare?
A layer of blood vessels between the muscle layers of the myometrium.
90
What is the perimetrium equivalent to?
Tunica serosa.
91
What is notable in the perimetrium histologically?
Presence of many lymphatic vessels.
92
What happens to the uterus during proestrus?
Epithelium hypertrophies, invaded by neutrophils; lamina propria shows increased vascularity, congestion, and occasional hemorrhage.
93
What changes occur during estrus?
Epithelial proliferation continues; invaded by agranulocytes; lamina remains edematous and hemorrhagic; uterine glands begin to proliferate and secrete.
94
Describe the uterus in metestrus.
Continued gland proliferation and coiling; secretory activity persists; lamina propria edema disappears.
95
What happens in diestrus?
Maximum glandular proliferation and coiling; secretory activity peaks if fertilization occurs; if not, vascularity decreases, secretion stops, and involution begins.
96
What are the uterine features during anestrus?
Thin endometrium lined by simple cuboidal epithelium; few simple, straight uterine glands.
97
What is the type of placenta classification based on the layers of membrane that separate maternal and fetal blood?
Classification based on fetal chorion and maternal endometrium contributions.
98
What is the type of placenta that retains all six layers between maternal and fetal blood?
Epitheliochorial placenta
99
Which animals have an epitheliochorial placenta?
Sow, mare, cow, ewe
100
Enumerate the six layers present in the epitheliochorial placenta.
Endothelial lining of endometrial blood vessels
Connective tissue of endometrial lamina propria
Endometrial lining epithelium
Chorionic epithelium (trophoblasts)
Chorioallantoic connective tissue
Endothelium of allantoic vessels
101
In what placenta type does the uterine epithelium degenerate, allowing chorionic epithelium to contact maternal connective tissue?
Syndesmochorial placenta
102
How many layers are present in the syndesmochorial placenta?
5
103
in which animals is the syndesmochorial placenta found?
Some ruminants
104
What placenta type has only four layers due to the loss of both endometrial epithelium and connective tissue?
Endotheliochorial placenta
105
Which animals have endotheliochorial placenta?
Carnivores (dog and cat)
106
What placenta type has chorionic epithelium in direct contact with maternal blood?
Hemochorial placenta
107
How many layers remain in the hemochorial placenta?
3
108
Name animals with hemochorial placenta.
rodents and primates
109
Which placenta type has only the endothelium of fetal blood vessels separating maternal blood from fetal blood?
Hemoendothelial placenta
110
Which animals have hemoendothelial placenta?
Certain rodents and primates
111
How many layers are present in hemoendothelial placenta?
One (endothelium of fetal allantoic vessels)
112
What type of placenta is found in pigs and horses?
Diffuse epitheliochorial placenta
113
Cotyledonary epitheliochorial placenta is found in what animals?
ruminants
114
What animal has Zonary endotheliochorial placenta
carnivores
115
What type of placenta is present in humans (man)?
Discoid hemochorial placenta
116
Enumerate the regions of the avian oviduct.
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus (shell gland)
Vagina
117
What is the function of the avian vagina?
Contracts to propel the egg to the cloaca
118
Which layer is thick in the avian vagina and aids in egg expulsion?
Tunica muscularis
119
Production of the eggshell in avian occurs where? (what structure)
uterus (shell gland)
120
What type of epithelium lines the avian uterus?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
121
Which ovary and oviduct are retained and functional in adult birds?
Left ovary and left oviduct
122
How is each avian follicle attached to the ovary?
by a peduncle
123
What structure is absent in avian ovarian follicles?
Antrum
124
What is the function of the avian infundibulum?
Site of fertilization
125
What mammalian structure is the avian infundibulum similar to?
mammalian infundibulum
126
Which oviduct region adds the albumen to the yolk in birds?
Magnum
127
Formation of shell membranes occurs in what structure of female avian?
isthmus
128
What cells surround the oocyte in avian follicles?
Granulosa cells
129
What surrounds the granulosa cell layer in avian follicles?
Theca interna and theca externa
130
Which follicular cells are shed at ovulation in birds?
Granulosa cells din
131
What forms a transient corpus luteum in birds after ovulation?
Remaining theca cells
132
Remaining theca cells forms this in birds after ovulation
transient corpus luteum
133
break muna
rest ah 10 or 5 mins
