Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Internal female genitalia

A 
. Ovary
. Oviduct
. Uterus
. Cervix
. Vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

External female genitalia

A

. Labias majora and minora

. Clit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of female reproductive system

A

. Production of ovum
. Reception of male gametes
. Provision of suitable environment for fertilization and development
. Mechanism for expulsion of fetus at birth
. Nutrition of newborn w/ accessory sex organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ovary gross anatomy

A

. Endocrine and exocrine
. Almond shaped w/ indistinct medulla and cortex
. Hilus for vessels and Erie to enter and exit
. Endocrine products: estrogen and progesterone
. Exocrine: ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ovary characteristics

A

. Simple cuboidal (germinal epithelium)
. Deep to epithelium is tunica albuginea (dense CT layer)
. Cortex formed by ovarian follicles in compact cellular stroma
.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

. Each is immature ovum w/ supporting cells
. 600,000-800,000 at birth
. Primary Oocytes arrested in prophase I
. Initiation of menstruation causes cyclic follicular maturation
. 400-480 follicles mature during lifetime
. Follicles present: primordial, growing, and mature (graafian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primordial follicle (unilaminar)

A

. Resting state, not stimulated by hormones
. Most follicles are this
. In cortex under tunica albuginea
. Primordial follicle formed by primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened follicular cells
. Primary oocyte is 30 mu in diameter w/ round, open-faced nucleus w/ prominent nucleolus, abundant cytoplasm
. Follicular cells flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina
. Small cohorts of follicles begin process of follicular growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary follicle

A

. Hormonally stimulated primordial follicle
. Primary oocyte enlarges to 50-80 um
. Follicular cells become granulosa cells by being cuboidal and proliferating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Preantral (multilaminar primary follicle)

A

. Granulosa cells form 2= cell layers around oocyte (stratum granulosum)
. Zona pellucida: refractive layer btw oocyte and stratum granulosum, derived from oocyte, had GAGs and glycoproteins
. Theca folliculi: concentric sheath around folllicle from differentiated stroma cells, separated from stratum granulosum by thick basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antral (secondary) follicle

A

. Later stage of development, moves deeper into cortex of ovary
. Stratum granulosum 6-12 layers thick w/ fluid (liquor folliculi) btw adjacent granulosa cells
. Fluid spaces coalesce to form cavity w/in follicle (follicular antrum/antral cavity)
. Follicle 0.2 mm in this phase, grows into 10 mm or more from granulosa cell proliferation
. Oocyte in eccentric position
. Corona radiata: single layer granulosum cells surrounding oocyte connected via gap junction
. Theca folliculi divided into theca interna (inner vascular layer secreting hormones) and theca externa (outer CT smooth muscle adjacent to stroma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

. Oocyte plus corona radiata on one side of the antral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mature (Graafian) follicle

A

. Extremely large antral follicle (10 mm+)
. Classified as mature based on size
. Final step before ovulation
. cumulus oophorus loosens from rest of cells of stratum granulosum so oocyte floats free in liquor folliculi in antrum
. 1st meiotic division completed prior to ovulation
. Yields secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
. 2nd meiotic division completed at fertilization produces mature ovum and 2nd polar body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Follicular atresia

A

. Follicle can degenerate at any stage of maturation
. Atretic follicle has clear hyaline membrane be stratum granulosum and theca folliculi (glassy membrane)
.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ovulation

A

. Process of releasing secondary oocyte from ovarian follicle
. Only 1 follicle reaches maturation each cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Follicle changes immediately prior to ovulation

A

. Follicular fluid inc., pressure in follicle inc.
. Protein lysis causing weakening of follicular wall
. Stratum granulosum, theca folliculi, and tunica albuginea thin out on surface of ovary over follicle
. Epithelium over follicle becomes avascular created macula pellucida/stigma (translucent spot) that is site of follicular rupture
. Secondary oocyte released from oviduct when follicle ruptures and is viable for 24 hours
. Remnants of folliclular wall remain and form corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Follicle after oocyte rupture

A

. Follicular walls collapse forming folded corpus luteum/literal gland w/ stratum granulosum and theca interna
. Remaining stratum granulosum cells inc. in size and fill w/ lipid to become granulosa lutein cells
. Theca interna cels form theca lutein cels found at periphery of corpus luteum
. Corpus luteum is highly vascularized, endo Erin gland secreted estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A

. Corpus luteum remains active for 14 days then degenerates (corpus luteum of menstruation)
. Degenerates corpus luteum involutes
. Cells replaced by white scar tissue to form corpus albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens if fertilization does occur?

A

. Corpus luteum inc. in size and active during 1st 4-5 months (corpus luteum of pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

. Contains loose CT, blood vessels, nn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Follicular phase in menstruation

A

. Related to growth of follicle
. Up to time of ovulation
. Maturing follicle will secrete estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Luteal phase of menstruation

A

. Follows ovulation and continues up until start of menstruation
. Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oviducts gross structure

A

. Paired tubes 10-12 cm long attached to sup. Aspect of uterus
. 4 segments: infundibulum w/ fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functions of oviduct

Study These Flashcards
A

. Transmission of secondary oocyte/fertilized ovum from ovary to uterus
. Provision of good environment for fertilized oocyte

24
Q

Oviduct outer serosa

Study These Flashcards
A

. Mesothelium

. Thin layer of CT

25
Oviduct middle muscularis
. Think inner circular layer of smooth muscle | . Thin outer longitudinal layer smooth muscle
26
Oviduct inner mucosa
. Simple columnar epithelium . Lowe columnar cells w/ cilia in infundibuluma Nd ampulla . High columnar secretory cells w/o cilia (peg cells) that provide nutrients to secondary oocyte as it transverses tube . CT lamina propria . Mucosal folds (plicae) that project into lumen, most elaborate in infundibulum and dec. closer to uterus . Epithelium hypertrophied during follicular phase and trophies during luteal phase
27
Sequence of events in oviduct during/after ovulation
. Fimbriae of infundibulum make contact w/ surface of ovary . Ciliated cells sweep secondary oocyte into oviduct . Secondary oocyte transported through oviduct by peristalsis and ciliary movement . Fertilization occurs in ampulla near isthmus . Fertilized ovum passes into uterus on day 4.5 after ovulation and begins implantation
28
Uterus gross anatomy
. Pear-shaped . Regions: body fungus w/ uterine cavity proper and the cervix . Care is contains (endo) cervical canal . Internal os: sup. Opening into cervical canal from uterine cavity . External os is inf. Opening from cervical canal into vagina
29
Uterus functions
. Provision of nutrition and waste removal during fetal development . Expulsion of fetus at parturition
30
Perimetrium
. Outer serosa of uterus | . Formed by pelvic peritoneum and underlying CT
31
Myometrium
``` . Middle muscularis layer of uterus . Smooth muscle 10-15 mm thick . Inner, middle, and outer layers w/o distinct borders . Inner layer circular and longitudinal . Middle layer (stratum vasculare) circular os spiral, thickest layer, manu blood vessels . Outer layer longitudinal . Non-pregnant: muscle is 50 mu long . Pregnant: muscle over 500 mu long ```
32
Endometrium
. Inner mucosa . Simple columnar epithelium w/ ciliated and non-ciliated cells . Thick lamina propria (endometrial stroma) formed by stellate cells . Epithelium invaginates into underlying lamina propria to form simple tubular uterine glands
33
Endometrium layers
. Basal layer (stratum basale): adjacent to myometrium, has bases of tubular glands, remains after menstruation . Functional layer (stratum functionale): btw basale layer and lumen, has uterine tube bodies, sloughed off during menstruation
34
Uterus blood supply
. Uterine aa. Off circumferential arcuate aa. That go in middle layer of myometrium . Arcuate aa. Give off radial aa. To endometrium that go toward lumen . Radial aa. Branch into straight aa. That supply stratum basale or spiraled aa. That supply stratum functionale . Distal part of spiral aa. She’d during menstruation
35
Proliferative (follicular) phase in menstrual cycle
. End of menstration to day 14 . Rapid repair and regeneration of endometrium from glands and vessels in basal layer . Tubular uterine glands regenerate (initially have narrow, straight lumens) . Stroma cells proliferate, endometrium inc. to 3 mm thickness . Spiral aa. Slightly coiled . Corresponds w/ growth of ovarian follicle . Stimulated by estrogen secreted by follicle . Continues until day 15 (day 1 after ovulation)
36
Progestational (secretory, luteal)
. Growth of endometrium in prep for implantation . Uterine glands become tortuous w/ sacculated walls and wide lumen filled w/ secretions (glycogen-rich) . Spiral aa. Highly coiled and reach lumen . Thickness inc. to 5-6 mm . Stroma cells enlarge, capable of being decidual cells upon implantation . Corresponds to development of corpus luteum
37
Menstrual stage in menstrual cycle
. Sloughing off of functional layer of endometrium . Ischemic changes in functional layer from constriction of spiral aa. . Stroma becomes edematous and infiltrated by leukocytes . Menstrual flow contains blood, glandular secretions, stroma cells, and epithelial cells . Corresponds w/ involution of corpus luteum . Blood loss 35-50 mL . Basal layer preserved
38
. Cervix outer adventitia and middle myometrium
. Adventitia of CT . Myometrium: large amts of dense CT and elastic fibers . Replace smooth muscle in myometrium of uterus
39
Endocervix
. Inner mucosa . Simple columnar and CT lamina propria . Ciliated and non-ciliated mucus-secreting cells . Plicae palmatae: large branches glands in mucosa, when blocked form mucus-filled Nabothian cysts
40
Cervix morphological changes associated w/ menstrual cycle
. Endocervix not sloughed . Mucus secreted changes consistency: mid cycle it is less viscous, copious alkaline fluid easy for sperm to go through, other times it is more viscous to restrict sperm movement . Transition from simple columnar to SSNK just inside external os (lies in cervical canal in pre and post menstrual women)
41
Papanicolaou (pap) smear
. Cervical cells from transitional zone to screen for cancerous lesions of cervix . Grow at slow rate, frequently diagnosed at precancerous stage
42
Vagina gross anatomy
. From cervix to vestibule . Organ of copulation . Inf. Part of birth canal
43
. Vagina layers
. Outer adventitia . Middle muscularis: interlacing bundles of smooth muscle, inner circular, outer longitudinal continuous w/ myometrium of uterus, some skeletal muscle at inf. End vagina . Inner mucosa: SSNK and lamina propria, large venous sinuses stimulate erectile tissue during arousal . Abundant lymphocytes and leukocytes and lymph nodules . No glands (kept wet by cervical mucus seeping through wall)
44
Mammary gland gross anatomy
. Breast enlarges in puberty from fat deposition . Modified sweat gland (tubuloalveolar) . 15-20 lobes divided by CT septa . Suspensions ligaments of Cooper CT attaching septa to dermis . End of lobe has lacitferous sinus that drains to lactiferous ducts that open to nipple
45
Inactive resting) mammary glands
. Lobes divided into lobules . CT and adipose btw lobules . Smallest ducts lined w/ simple cuboidal . Larger interlobular ducts are stratified . Lactiferous duct lined w/ SSNK
46
Active (proliferating) gland in pregnancy
. Inc. glandular elements . Interlobular ducts have stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium . Alveoli bud off ducts, formed by simple cuboidal epithelium w/ myoepithelial cells at periphery of alveolus . Alveoli show secretory activity latter half of pregnancy, produce watery colostrum immediately after parturition
47
Myoepithelial cell function
. Contraction pushes milk secretion into duct system
48
Colostrum
. Large number of antibodies for passive immunity of newborn . Antibodies secreted by lymphocytes and plasma cells found in CT of pregnant mammary gland
49
Active (lactating) gland
. After birth . Little CT . Alveoli ciliated w/ milk product rich in sugar, protein, and fat . Released apocrine (lipid part) and merocrine (protein part) . Milk release controlled by suckling reflex
50
Suckling reflex
. Stimulus causes oxytocin release from pars nervosa . Myoepithelial cells contract . Secretory product moves into duct system
51
Regression of gland after lactation cessation
. Alveoli dec. inn size and number . CT and fat inc. . Some alveoli retained so it is more glandular than original breast
52
Involution of mammary gland
. After menopause | . Secretory elements atrophy and CT becomes dense and homogenous
53
Hormonal control of mammary gland
. Growth at puberty occurs in presence of estrogen and progesterone from ovary . Growth from pregnancy from hormones of corpus luteum of pregnancy, placenta, and adrenal glucocorticoids . Initiation and maintenance of lactation after parturition under control of prolactin
54
Breast carcinomas
. Arise from lactiferous duct epithelial cells
55
Fibrocystic disease of breast
``` . Hyperplasia of CT around ducts . Single or many cyst formation in ducts . Glandular hyperplasia in small ducts and gland buds . Hyperplasia of duct epithelium . Tenderness, pain, lump in breast . Caused by hormonal imbalance ```
56
Latational amenorrhea
. High levels of prolactin suppressing LH secretion . Ovulation occurs after suckling dec. in frequency . Breastfeeding used as form of birth control but is not reliable

Histology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions