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A&P 2 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is female reproductive system more complex?

A

Due to pregnancy

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2
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

What is the role of ovaries?

A
  1. Produce female gametes

2. secrete female sex hormones

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4
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A
  1. Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, and estriol)

2. progesterone

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5
Q

Another name for female gametes

A

Ova

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6
Q

Located in pelvic cavity

A

Internal genitalia

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7
Q

What does internal genitalia consist of?

A

Ovaries and duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina)

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8
Q

What are the ligaments that hold each ovary in place?

A
  1. Ovarian ligament
  2. suspensory ligament
  3. mesovarium
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9
Q

Ligament that anchors ovary medially to uterus

A

ovarian ligament

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10
Q

Ligament that anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall

A

suspensory ligaments

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11
Q

Ligament that suspends ovary

A

Mesovarium

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12
Q

What forms the broad ligament?

A

Suspensory ligament and mesovarium

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13
Q

Ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

A

broad ligament

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14
Q

What is contained in the ovary’s blood supply?

A

Ovarian arteries and ovarian branch of the uterine arteries

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15
Q

What do ovarian vessels travel through?

A

Through suspensory ligament and mesovarium

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16
Q

Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle

A

ovulation

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17
Q

What develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

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18
Q

What is included in the tube system of female duct system?

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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19
Q

Each ovary is surrounded by fibrous __________

A

tunica albuginea

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20
Q

What covers tunica albuginea?

A

Germinal cuboidal epithelium outer layer, which is a continuation of the peritoneum

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21
Q

What are the two poorly defined regions of ovary? What do they contain?

A
  1. outer cortex - houses forming gametes

2. inner medulla - contains large blood vessels and nerves

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22
Q

Tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex

A

ovarian follicles

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23
Q

What is contained in ovarian follicles?

A

Immature egg surrounded by follicle cells or granulosa cells

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24
Q

Immature egg

A

Oocyte

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25
Q

Ovarian follicle is considered to have ______ cells if only 1 cell layer is present

A

follicle

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26
Q

Ovarian follicle is considered to have ______ cells if more than 1 cell layer is present

A

Granulosa

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27
Q

Single layer of follicle cells plus oocyte

A

primordial follicle

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28
Q

More mature follicles contain several layers of _____ cells plus oocyte

A

granulosa cells

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29
Q

Fully mature follicle, with fluid-filled antrum that forms, then follicle bulges from ovary surface

A

vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle

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30
Q

Uterine tube system (does, does not) have direct contact with ovaries

A

Does not

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31
Q

How does ovulated oocyte get from ovary to fallopian tube?

A

Ovulated oocyte is cast into peritoneal cavity where some oocytes never make it to the tube system

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32
Q

What are 2 other names for uterine tubes?

A
  1. fallopian tubes

2. oviducts

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33
Q

_______ receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization

A

Fallopian tubes

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34
Q

Length and location of uterine tubes

A

Each tube ~10 cm (4 inch) long and extends from area of ovary to superolateral region of uterus

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35
Q

What are the regions of uterine tube?

A
  1. isthmus
  2. ampulla
  3. infundibulum
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36
Q

Region of uterine tube that is a constricted area where tube joins uterus

A

Isthmus

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37
Q

Distal end of uterine tube that curves around ovary

A

ampulla

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38
Q

distal expansion of uterine tube near ovary

A

infundibulum

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39
Q

What does the infundibulum contain?

A

Contains ciliated fimbriae that creates current to move oocyte into uterine tube

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40
Q

How is oocyte carried along toward uterus?

A

By smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action

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41
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated cells of uterine tube?

A

Function to nourish oocyte and sperm

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42
Q

Externally uterine tubes are:

A
  1. covered by peritoneum

2. supported by a short mesentery called mesosalpinx

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43
Q

What supports uterine tubes externally?

A

Short mesentery called mesosalpinx

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44
Q

Oocyte is fertilized in peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube and begins developing there

A

ectopic pregnancy

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45
Q

What is the result of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Normally aborts naturally with substantial bleeding

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46
Q

Spread of infection from reproductive tract to peritoneal cavity

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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47
Q

What is the result of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

may cause scar tissue and lead to infertility

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48
Q

Hollow, thin-walled muscular organ

A

Uterus

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49
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

To receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum

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50
Q

What are the two possible positions of the uterus?

A
  1. Anteverted (normal)

2. Retroverted

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51
Q

Position of uterus when it’s inclined forward

A

anteverted

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52
Q

Position of uterus when it’s inclined backwards

A

Retroverted

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53
Q

What are the regions of the uterus?

A
  1. Body
  2. Fundus
  3. Isthmus
  4. Cervix
  5. Cervical canal
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54
Q

Major portion of uterus

A

body

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55
Q

Rounded superior region of uterus

A

Fundus

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56
Q

Narrowed inferior region of uterus

A

isthmus

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57
Q

Narrow neck or outlet of uterus that projects into vagina

A

cervix

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58
Q

Area of uterus that communicates with vagina via external os and uterine body via internal os

A

Cervical canal

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59
Q

What area does uterus communicate with vagina through?

A

External os

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60
Q

What are does uterus communicate with uterine body through?

A

Internal os

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61
Q

Glands that secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

A

Cervical glands

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62
Q

What are the ligaments that support the uterus?

A
  1. mesometrium
  2. cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments
  3. uterosacral ligaments
  4. round ligaments
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63
Q

Lateral support of broad ligament

A

mesometrium

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64
Q

Ligament support from cervix and superior vagina to pelvic lateral walls

A

cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

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65
Q

Ligaments that secure uterus to sacrum

A

uterosacral uterus

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66
Q

Ligaments that bind uterus to anterior wall

A

Round ligaments

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67
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
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68
Q

Outermost serous layer of uterine wall (visceral peritoneum)

A

perimetrium

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69
Q

Bulky middle layer of uterine wall consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

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70
Q

What happens to myometrium during childbirth?

A

It contracts rhythmically

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71
Q

Mucosal lining of uterine wall

A

Endometrium

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72
Q

What does endometrium consist of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria

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73
Q

What happens to fertilized egg in endometrium?

A

It burrows into endometrium and resides there during development

74
Q

What are the two chief layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. Stratum functionalis (functional layer)

2. Stratum basalis (basal layer)

75
Q

What is another name for layers?

A

Strata

76
Q

Layer of endothelium that changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles and sheds during menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis (functional layer)

77
Q

Layer of endothelium that forms new stratum functionalis after menstruation and is unresponsive to ovarian hormones

A

Stratum basalis (basal layer)

78
Q

Arteries that arise from internal iliacs and branch into arcuate arteries

A

Uterine arteries

79
Q

Arteries in myometrium that branch into radial arteries

A

Arcuate arteries

80
Q

Arteries in endometrium that branch into straight arteries in stratum basalis and spiral arteries in stratum functionalis

A

Radial arteries

81
Q

Function of straight arteries of stratum basalis and spiral arteries of stratum functionalis

A

They degenerate and regenerate with each menstrual cycle; spasms of these arteries cause shedding of functionalis layer during menstruation

82
Q

What kind of arteries are found in stratum basalis?

A

Straight arteries

83
Q

What kind of arteries are found in stratum functionalis?

A

Spiral arteries

84
Q

Thin-walled tube that is 8-10 cm (3-4 inches) in length that extends between bladder and rectum from cervix to enterior

A

vagina

85
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  1. Birth canal
  2. passageway for menstrual flow
  3. organ of copulation
86
Q

Where does urethra run in female?

A

Runs parallel to vagina anteriorly

87
Q

What are the layers of the vaginal wall?

A
  1. Fibroelastic adventitia
  2. Smooth muscle muscularis
  3. Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
88
Q

_______ cells in _______ may provide route for HIV transmission

A

Dendritic; mucosa

89
Q

Vaginal secretions are ______ in adults females, but _____ in adolescents

A

acidic; alkaline

90
Q

Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called _____ that ruptures with intercourse

A

Hymen

91
Q

Upper end of vagina surrounding cervix

A

vaginal fornix

92
Q

Another name for female external genitalia

A

Vulva or pudendum

93
Q

What are parts of the female external genitalia?

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. labia majora
  3. labia minora
  4. vestibule
  5. clitoris
  6. perineum
  7. greater vestibular glands
94
Q

Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

95
Q

hair covered fatty skin folds; counterpart of male scrotum

A

labia majora

96
Q

skin folds lying within labia majora

A

labia minora

97
Q

recess within labia minora

A

vestibule

98
Q

ridge formed by joining of posterior vestibule and labia minora

A

fourchette

99
Q

Flank vaginal opening that is homologous to bulbo-urethral glands in males

A

greater vestibular glands

100
Q

What do greater vestibular glands do?

A

release mucus in vestibule for lubrication

101
Q

Where is clitoris located?

A

Anterior to vestibule

102
Q

What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?

A

glans of the clitoris

103
Q

part of the clitoris that hoods glans; counterpart to penis

A

prepuce of the clitoris

104
Q

Diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx that is bordered by ischial tuberosities laterally

A

perineum

105
Q

Modified sweat glands present in both male and females, but normally function only in females

A

mammary gland

106
Q

What is main function of mammary glands?

A

milk production to nourish newborn

107
Q

How many lobes are usually present in mammary glands?

A

15-25 lobes

108
Q

Pigmented skin surrounding nipple

A

Areola

109
Q

Ligaments that attach breast to underlying muscle

A

suspensory ligaments

110
Q

lobules within the lobes contain glandular ______ that produce milk

A

alveoli

111
Q

Milk is passed into _____ ducts, then into _______ sinuses that open to outside at nipple

A

lactiferous ducts; lactiferous sinuses

112
Q

In non-nursing women, _______ structure is undeveloped

A

glandular structure

113
Q

What determines size of breasts?

A

The amount of fat deposits

114
Q

New evidence suggests that _______ cells can arise from epithelial cells at ovary surface, when it was previously believed that females’ total supply of eggs was determined at _______

A

stem; birth

115
Q

Production of female games that begins in fetal period and takes years to completed

A

oogenesis

116
Q

2n ovarian stem cells that multiply by mitosis and store nutrients

A

oogonia

117
Q

______ develop in primordial follicles that become surrounded by follicle cells

A

primary oocytes

118
Q

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in ________

A

prophase I

119
Q

At birth, female presumed to have lifetime supply of _________

A

primary oocytes

120
Q

Functional gamete

A

ovum

121
Q

Large cell with almost all of mother cell cytoplasm and organelles

A

secondary oocyte

122
Q

primary oocyte “selected” that resumes meiosis I

A

dominant follicle

123
Q

Small cell almost devoid of cytoplasm

A

first polar body

124
Q

If dominant follicle is penetrated by sperm, second oocyte completes meiosis II yielding:

A
  1. ovum

2. second polar body

125
Q

Describe oogenesis after puberty

A
  1. each month, a few primary oocytes are activated
  2. one from this group becomes dominant follicle that resumes meiosis I
  3. after division of meiosis I is completed, 2 haploid cells of different sizes are produced (secondary oocyte and first polar body)
  4. secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and becomes ovulated ovum
126
Q

What happens if ovum is not penetrated by sperm?

A

It deteriorates

127
Q

What does oogenesis produce?

A

1 viable ovum and 3 polar bodies

128
Q

Why are # of functional gametes different?

A

Unequal divisions ensure oocyte has ample nutrients for 6- to 7-day journey to the uterus, then polar bodies degenerate and die

129
Q

What is the differences in error rate for oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A
  1. oogenesis has an error rate of 20%

2. spermatogenesis has an error rate of 3-4%

130
Q

Monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg

A

ovarian cycle

131
Q

Two consecutive phases with ______ occurring midcycle between phases

A

ovulation

132
Q

Period that consists of vesicular follicle growth; days 1-14 of ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase

133
Q

Period that consists of corpus luteum activity; days 14-28 of ovarian cycle

A

luteal phase

134
Q

Only __ to __ percentage of women have a 28-day ovarian cycle

A

10-15%

135
Q

______ phase varies, but _____ phase is always ___ days from ovulation to end of cycle

A

follicular; luteal; 14

136
Q

Stages of follicle development

A
  1. primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
  2. primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
  3. secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle
137
Q

What happens when primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle?

A

Squamous-like cells surrounding primary oocyte becomes cuboidal and oocyte enlarges

138
Q

How long does it take for a primordial follicle to become a primary follicle?

A

Process can take about 1 year

139
Q

What happens when primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle?

A

Follicular cells proliferate forming stratified epithelium around oocyte

140
Q

When more than 1 layer of cells are present, follicular cells are called ______ cells

A

granulosa

141
Q

Granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another’s development via ________ connections

A

gap junction connections

142
Q

Thick glycoprotein-rich membrane secreted by oocyte, encapsulating it

A

zona pellucida

143
Q

Large cavity that is formed when fluid coalesces

A

antrum

144
Q

What happens when secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle

A
  1. Theca folliculi forms
  2. Zona pellucida encapsulates the theca folliculi
  3. antrum is formed and continues to expand with fluid isolating oocyte
  4. when follicle is full size it bulges from external ovary surface and is ready to be ovulated
145
Q

What cells condense to form theca folliculi?

A

Connective tissue and granulosa cells

146
Q

When is early vesicular follicle formed?

A

when clear fluid begins to accumulate between granulosa cells

147
Q

The _____ distinguishes vesicular follicle from previous follicles

A

antrum

148
Q

Isolated oocyte with its surrounding granulosa cells are called _______

A

corona radiata

149
Q

Where does corona radiata sit?

A

On stalk on one side of follicle

150
Q

How big is follicle when it is full-size?

A

2.5 cm or 1 inch

151
Q

What happens during follicular phase of ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Several vesicular (antral) follicles are stimulated to grow
  2. FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
  3. primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte and polar body
  4. granulosa cells then send signal to oocyte, causing it to stop at metaphase II
152
Q

What triggers follicular phase to begin?

A

Triggered by rising levels of FSH

153
Q

What does drop in FSH in middle of follicular phase ause?

A

Causes only one antral follicle (dominant follicle) to be selected to continue on

154
Q

What causes ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata to peritoneal cavity?

A

Rising levels of LH

155
Q

Twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women

A

mittelschmerz

156
Q

What results in fraternal twins? How often?

A

1-2% of ovulation release more than one secondary oocyte

157
Q

What results in identical twins?

A

from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of daughter cells

158
Q

What happens in luteal phase of ovulation?

A
  1. Ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood
  2. Corpus luteum is formed
  3. Degenerates into corpus albicans in 10 days if no pregnancy occurs
159
Q

Ruptured follicle collapses and fills with clotted blood, referred to as ________, and will eventually be reabsorbed

A

corpus hemorrhagiam

160
Q

What forms corpus luteum?

A

Remaining granulosa cells and internal thecal cells enlarge to form it

161
Q

What does corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and some estrogen

162
Q

What is corpus albicans?

A

Scar that forms in 10 days if no pregnancy occurs and corpus luteum degenerates

163
Q

Last 2-3 days of luteal phase when endometrium begins to erode

A

Leukolytic (or ischemic) phase

164
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

Corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over, at about 3 months

165
Q

Before puberty, ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens, which _____ hypothalamic release of GnRH

A

inhibits

166
Q

As puberty nears, if ____ levels are adequate, hypothalamus becomes ____ estrogen-sensitive, so GnRH is released, stimulating ____ and ____ release by pituitary that then acts on ovaries

A

leptin; less; FSH and LH

167
Q

Events of ovarian cycle continue until adult cyclic patter is achieved and ____ occurs

A

menarche

168
Q

Hormone interaction during ovarian cycle

A
  1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
  2. FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grown, mature, and secrete sex hormones
  3. Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
  4. Positive feedback simulates gonadotropin release
  5. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
  6. Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
169
Q

FSH stimulates _____ cells to release _____; LH prods ____ cells to produce ____, which granulosa cells converts to estrogens

A

granulosa; estrogen - thecal cells; androgens

170
Q

How does negative feedback inhibit gonadotropin release?

A
  1. Increased levels of plasma estrogen levels exert negative feeding back inhibition of FSH and LH release
  2. Inhibin from granulosa cells also inhibit FSH release
  3. Only dominant follicle can withstand this dip in FSH and other developing follicles deteriorate
171
Q

How does positive feedback stimulate gonadotropin release?

A
  1. Estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continued release by dominant follicle
  2. When levels reach a critical high value, a brief positive feedback occurs on brain and anterior pituitary
172
Q

High _____ levels trigger release of stored ____, and some ____, by anterior pituitary at midcycle

A

Estrogens: LH; FSH

173
Q

____ surge triggers primary oocyte to complete _____ to become secondary oocyte; secondary oocyte then enters _____, continuing onto metaphase II

A

LH; meiosis I; meiosis II

174
Q

What happens shortly after ovulation?

A

Estrogen levels decline and LH transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum

175
Q

What does LH also stimulate that lead to ovulation?

A
  1. Increased local vascular permeability

2. Trigger inflammatory response that promotes release of metalloproteinase enzymes that weaken the ovarian wall

176
Q

What happens when ovarian wall is weakened prior to ovulation?

A
  1. Stops blood flow to protruding follicle wall, causing wall to thin and bulge, rupturing and forming a hole
  2. Oocyte with corona radiata exits, accomplishing ovulation
177
Q

Why does LH stimulate corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately after ovulation?

A
  1. progesterone helps maintain stratum functionalis

2. maintains pregnancy if it occurs

178
Q

How does negative feedback inhibit LH and FSH release?

A

Inhibin, from corpus luteum and granulosa cells enhance inhibitory effect; declining LH ends luteal activity and inhibits follicle development

179
Q

When is oocyte actually activated? When does it mature?

A

Oocyte is actually activated 12 months prior to ovulation, but matures 14 days before ovulation

180
Q

What happens if no fertilization occurs?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels start to fall; causes a sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone which in turn ends blockage of FSH & LH secretion, causing cycle to start over again

181
Q

Cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels

A

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

182
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A
  1. Days 1-5: menstrual phase
  2. Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
  3. Days 15-28: secretory (post-ovulatory) phase

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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