Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Where do the reproductive organs lie?
A
Within the pelvic cavity and the perineum.
2
Q
What lies within the pelvic cavity?
A
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior Vagina
3
Q
What lies within the perineum?
A
Perineal Muscles Bartholins glands Clitoris Inferior Vagina Labia
4
Q
What forms the roof over the pelvic organs?
A
Inferior peritoneum
5
Q
What pouches are formed by the peritoneum lying over the pelvic organs?
A
vesico-uterine
Recto-uterine
6
Q
A double layer of peritoneum forms what?
A
The broad ligaments of the uterus
7
Q
Broad ligaments of the uterus.
A
Extends between uterus and the floor and lateral wall of the pelvis.
Maintains uterus position
8
Q
What can be found within the broad ligaments of the uterus?
A
Uterine tubes
Proximal round ligament
9
Q
What is the round ligament?
A
An embryological remnant
10
Q
Where is the round ligament found?
A
Attaches to lateral aspect of uterus
Passes through deep inguinal wall and attaches to superficial tissue of perineum.
11
Q
What holds the uterus in place?
A
Broad ligament
Strong ligaments e.g uterosacral
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor
12
Q
What is endopelvic fascia?
A
Basically packing around the uterus to limit movement
13
Q
Where does the uterus lay?
A
Anteverted and Anteflexed
Cervix tipped anteriorly relative to vagina
Uterus is tipped anteriorly relative to cervix
14
Q
How can the cervix lie?
A
Retroverted and Retroflexed
Everything is tipped posteriorly
15
Q
Where is the egg usually fertilised?
A
Within the ampulla of the uterine tubes.
16
Q
Why is the fact that the fimbricated end of the uterine tubes is open important?
A
Allows delivery of oocyte into tubes
A communication between genital tract and peritoneum, so infection can pass through
17
Q
Where are the ovaries found?
A
Laterally in pelvic wall in ovarian fossa
18
Q
Where do ovaries develop?
A
On posterior body wall
19
Q
What do ovaries do?
A
Secrete hormones in repose to FSH and LH
Secrete oocyte
20
Q
How many fornices does the vagina have?
A
4
Anterior
Posterior
2 x lateral
21
Q
How can the perineum be divided up?
A
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
22
Q
What makes up the urogenital triangle?
A
2 ischial spines and pubis symphisis
23
Q
What makes up the anal triangle?
A
2 x ischial spines
Coccyx
24
Q
Levator Ani
A
Skeletal muscle making up most of pelvic diaphragm
Under tonic contraction
25
What is the nerve supply for the Levator ani?
S3 S4 S5 sacral plexus - Nerve to Levator Ani
| Dual supply so Pudendal nerve aswell
26
Under what circumstances does the levator ani contract further?
In response to increased intrabdominal pressure e.g. coughing sneezing
27
Which nerve supplies the perineal muscles?
Pudendal
28
What is the perineal body?
Bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue to which the perineal muscles attach.
Key for pelvic floor strength
29
What are bartholins glands also know as?
Greater Vestibular glands
30
What do bartholins glands do?
Secrete lubricating fluid
31
Where are bartholins glands found?
Posterior aspect of the vagina
32
Where are females breast located?
Ribs 2 -6
| Lateral border of sternum to mid axially line
33
What do the breast sit on?
Lies of deep fascia covering pec major and serratut anterior
34
What is the retromammary space?
Space between deep fascia and breast
35
What is the function of the retromammary space?
Allows movement of the breast independent of the chest wall.
36
How is breast tissue attached to the skin?
Via suspensory ligaments
37
How is the breast divided up?
Into quadrants
Upper Outer and Inner
Lower Outer and Inner
38
Where does most of the lymph within the breast drain?
75% to ipsilateral axially nodes
| Ultimately drain into superclavicular
39
Lymph within the internal quadrants may drain to which nodes?
Parasternal
40
Lymph within the Lower quadrants may drain to which nodes?
Abdominal
41
Level 1 Axillary nodes
Inferior and lateral to Pectoralis Minor
42
Level 2 Axillary Nodes
Deep to Pectoralis Minor
43
Level 3 Axillary Node
Superior and medial to Pectoralis Minor
44
What is the blood supply and drainage to the breast?
Axillary and Internal Thoracic arteries and Veins
45
What does the pelvic floor do?
Separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum
46
What makes up the pelvic floor?
Pelvic Diaphragm
Muscles of perineal pouches
Perineal membrane
47
What muscles form the pelvic diaphragm ?
Levator Ani
| Coccygeus
48
What is the anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm called?
Urogenital hiatus
49
What muscles make up the Levator Ani?
Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis
50
What are some of the pelvic ligaments?
Uterosacral
Transverse cervical
Lateral ligament of the bladder
Rectal ligaments
51
Where does the deep perineal pouch sit?
Below fascia of inferior aspect of pelvic diaphragm and superior to perineal membrane.
52
What is found within the deep perineal pouch?
Urethra
Vagina
Bulbourethral gland (Men)
Neuromuscular bundles for Clitoris and Penis
53
Where is the perineal membrane found?
Superficial to perineal deep pouch
54
What is the perineal membrane?
Thin sheet of depression fasciae
Last passive support for pelvic organs
Closes urogenital triangle
55
What openings does the perineal membrane have?
Urethra and Vagina
56
What does the female Superficial Perineal Pouch contain?
Contains female erectile tissue and associated muscle
Clitoris and Crura
Bulbs of vestibule
Muscles
57
What muscles are found in both genders superficial Perineal Pouch?
Bulbospongiosus
| Ischiocaverosus
58
What erectile tissue is found in the clitoris and the crura?
Corpus Cavernosum
59
What is found in the Male Superficial perineal pouch?
Root of the penis
Associated muscles - bulbo.... ischio....
Proximal spongy urethra
60
What erectile tissue makes up the Bulb of the penis?
Corpus Spongiosum
61
What erectile tissue makes up the crura of the penis?
Corpus Cavernosum
62
What is the function of the ovaries?
Produce gametes
| Secrete Oestrogen and progesterone
63
What makes up the ovarian Medulla?
Loose connective tissue
| Contorted arteries veins and lymphatics
64
What makes up the cortex of the ovaries?
Scattered ovarian follicles in a storm of connective tissue
65
What is the outer layer of the cortex?
Tunic Albuginea - dense layer
66
What covers the cortex?
Thin outer layer of cuboidal cells - germinal epithelium
67
What arteries supply the ovaries?
Helicine arteries
68
Where does the bloody supply of the ovaries come from?
Within the Broad ligament
69
What takes place at week 6?
Germ cells from yolk sack invade ovaries and proliferate to form oogonia.
70
To form Oogonia what must happen to the germ cells?
Undergo mitosis
71
How do Oogonia become Oocytes?
Develop and divide by meiosis
72
What is Oogenesis?
Development of oocytes from oogonia
73
What is Folliculogenesis?
Growth of the follicle - oocyte and any asoicated support cell.
74
What is Atrexia?
Loss of oocyte or oogonia via apoptosis
75
Before birth at what stage are follicles halted at?
Meiosis - Prophase 1
76
How can follicular development be divided?
Pre Antra
| Antral
77
What are Pre Antra follicles?
Primordial
Primary
Late Primary
78
What are Antral Follicles ?
Secondary follicles
| Mature Graafian Follicles
79
What defines the Primary Follicles
Presence of Cuboidal Cells
| Zona Granulosa
80
When does the Zona Pellucida form?
Starts to appear between the oocyte and the granuloma during the primary follicle stage.
81
What if its present classifies a Primary Follicle?
The cuboidal cell, as Pregranulosa cells have squamous
82
What defines a late Primary Follicle?
Granulosa cell proliferation
83
What layers from in Late Primary Follicles?
Theca Interna
| Theca Externa
84
Theca Interna
Inner layer
| Secretes Oestrogen and precursors
85
Theca Externa
Outer layer
| Formed of Fibroblasts
86
What defines a Secondary Follicle?
Formation of the Antrum
87
What happens in a Secondary Follicle?
Antrum fills with follicular fluid forms second follicle
| Granuloma and Thecal layers continue to grow
88
What is Graafian follicle ?
Stage before release of the oocyte
| Stratum Granulosum - layer of granular cells around central follicle
89
1 day prior to ovulation what happens to the follicle?
Udergoes Meiosis 1 to produce two cells
90
What are produced when the Oocyte undergoes Meiosis 1?
Forms Secondary Oocyte
| A tiny polar body carrying second nucleus is degenerated.
91
What happens to the secondary Oocyte?
Undergoes Meiosis 2
92
What stage of Meiosis 2 does the secondary oocyte reach?
Metaphase II
93
At what point does the oocyte complete Meiosis?
Only if fertilised
94
What signs seen on the ovary indicate it will rupture to release the oocyte?
Follicular Stigma
| Tunica Albuginea
95
What happens to the follicle post ovulation?
Transforms into the Corpus Luteum
96
What does the Corpus Luteum do?
Secretes oestrogen and progesterone to prepare uterus for implantation
97
If implantation occurs what happens?
HCG is released preventing the breakdown of the Corpus Luteum maintaining the progesterone levels and in turn the pregnancy
98
If no implantation occurs what happens to the Corpus Luteum?
Becomes the Corpus Albicans
| White coloured connective tissue.
99
How does the oocyte move down the uterine tubes?
Gentle peristalsis
| Current from ciliated cells
100
What is the function of the secretory cells in the uterine tubes?
Release nutrients
101
Describe the Ampulla.
Highly folded mucosa lined by ciliated columnar epithelium and secretory cells.
Surrounded by smooth muscle.
102
Describe the smooth muscle found in the uterine tubes?
Inner circular layer
| Outer longitudina layer
103
Describe the isthmus.
Much simpler lining than the ampulla
Mostly secretory cells less ciliated
More Smooth muscle
104
What are the three layers of the Uterus?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Peritoneum
105
Describe the endometrium.
Inner secretory containing tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma.
106
Describe the Myometrium.
3 layers of smooth muscle collagen and elastic tissue
107
Describe the Perimentrium
Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
108
What are the two layers found in the Endometrium?
Stratum Functionalis
| Stratum Basilis
109
Describe the Stratum Functionalis
Undergoes monthly growth degeneration and loss
110
Describe the Stratum Basilis
Reserve tissue that regenerates the Functionalis
111
What happens to the Endometrium in the Proliferative phase?
Glands are relatively straight and lined by columnar epithelium
Oestrogen drives proliferation and thickening
112
How long does the proliferative phase last?
Up to 1 day post ovulation
113
What happens to the endometrium in the Secretory or Luteal Phase?
Glands become coiled and secrete glycogen
114
What happens to the endometrium in the menstrual phase?
Arterioles in functionalis undergoes reconstruction
| Depriving tissue of blood , breakdown leakage and tissue sloughing.
115
What is the cervix?
Short cylinder of connective tissue with a narrowed lumen projecting into the upper vagina.
116
What covers the cervix?
Mostly stratified squamous epithelium but transitions into secretory columnar
117
Why is the transition between stratified and secretory on the cervix important?
Higher risk of dysplasia so cervical cancer risk
118
What glands are found on the cervix?
Endocervical glands
119
What do endocervical glands secrete during the proliferative phase?
Thin watery mucous to allow sperm to pass
120
What do endocervical glands secrete during ovulation?
Thick viscous mucous to prevent sperm passage swell as microorganisms
121
What lines the vagina?
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
122
Why is the squamous epithelium in the vagina of a woman in her reproductive years thicker?
Glycogen accumulation
123
What are the four layers of the vagina?
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina Propria - connective tissue thin walled blood vessels
Fibromuscular layer - inner and outer smooth muscles
Adventitia
124
How do commensal bacteria protect the vagina?
They metabolise the glycogen into lactic acid to prevent pathogenic bacteria growth
125
What makes up the mons pubis?
Highly oblique hair follicles
| Substantial subcutaneous fat pad lying over the pubic symphysis
126
Labia Majora
Similar to Mons Pubis
Rich in apocrine and sebaceous glands
Small bundles of smooth muscle
127
Labia Minora
Lacks subcutaneous fat pad and hair follicles
| Rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands
128
Where does keratinised epithelium found external extend to?
Level of the hymen
129
Clitoris
Two tubes of erectile tissue
| Covered in fibrocollagenous sheath rich in innervation
