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OM Spring 2022 > Female Sex Hormones > Flashcards

Female Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

State the women’s hormonal cascade

A

(Slide 2)

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2
Q

What does estrogen contribute to?

A

-Cognitive health (memory)
-Bone health (Bone density)
-Cardiovascular health (reduces lipids, increases NO which improves vascular reactivity)

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3
Q

What hormone works with progesterone for female sexual and reproductive health?

A

Estrogen

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4
Q

Which parts of the body produce estrogen?

A

-Ovaries
-Adrenal Glands
-Fat Tissue

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5
Q

What are the three types of estrogen made by the body

A

Estrone (E1)
Estradoil (E2)
Estrial (E3)

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6
Q

Describe where Estrone is made and when it is produced

A

Made in ovaries. Only estrogen hormone the body produces after menopause (in reduced amounts).

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7
Q

When is estradoil made?

A

In ovaries during reproductive years

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8
Q

Describe where estriol is produced and when it is produced

A

Produced by placenta during pregnancy

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9
Q

What is the weaker form of estrogen?

A

Estrone

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10
Q

What is the most common type of estrogen in reproductive years?

A

Estradiol

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11
Q

What type of estrogen is produced by both male and females?

A

Estradiol

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12
Q

What can too much estradiol cause?

A

Loss of sex drive, osteoporosis and depression

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13
Q

What can very high levels of estradiol cause?

A

Increase risk of uterine and breast cancer

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14
Q

What can low levels of estradiol cause?

A

Weight gain and cardiovascular disease

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15
Q

Function of Estriol

A

Helps the uterus grown and prepares the body for delivery

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16
Q

When do estriol levels peak?

A

Just before birth

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17
Q

Function of Estrogen: With Ovaries

A

Stimulate growth of egg follicle

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18
Q

Function of Estrogen: With Vagina

A

Maintains thickneess of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication.

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19
Q

Function of Estrogen: With Uterus

A

Maintains mucous membrane that lines the uterus. Regulates flow and thickness of uterine mucus secretions

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20
Q

Function of Estrogen: With breasts

A

Formation of breast tissue; stops milk production after weaning

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21
Q

Estrogen Roles Overall (4)

A
  • Improves skin elasticity
  • Promoting reproductive health
  • Decreasing plaque buildup
  • Regulating menstrual cycle
  • Preserving bone density
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22
Q

Estrogen Effects: on Blood vessels

A

Regulates cholesterol

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23
Q

Estrogen Effects: On Brain

A

Sustains body temp

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24
Q

Estrogen effects: On Breasts

A

Stimulates Development

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25
Q

Estrogen Effects: On Vagina

A

Maintains thick vaginal lining

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26
Q

Estrogen Effects: On Bones

A

Controls bone mass

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27
Q

Effects of Progesterone: Pregnancy

A

Thicken the endometrial lining in preparation to nourish an egg after conception

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28
Q

Progesterone Role: Overall (5)

A
  • Retains bone density
  • Produces calming effects in brain
  • Supports circulatory vigor
  • Assists with liver and kidney health
  • Boosts reproductive functions
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29
Q

Progesterone Effects: Breasts

A

Reduces tenderness, cyst formation

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30
Q

Progesterone Effects: Uterus

A

Inhibits contractions during pregnancy

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31
Q

Progesterone Effects: Vagina

A

Protects cervix from infection

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32
Q

Progesterone Effects: Immune System

A

Increases anti-inflammatory agents

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33
Q

Progesterone Effects: Cardiovascular System

A

Lowers blood pressure

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34
Q

Appetite Suppressants are also known as

A

Stimulants (amphetamines)/sympathomimentics

35
Q

Appetite Suppressants mimic the ____ nervous system which can cause what effects?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System; cardiac side effects

36
Q

Appetite Suppressants _____ energy consumption and ______ and ______ appetite centrally

A

Increase; thermogenesis; depress

37
Q

Stimulants are _____ substances

A

Controlled

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of stimulants

A

Enhance the sympathomimentic response to epi and norephinephrine leading to possible hypertension and cardiotoxicity

39
Q

What needs to be used with caution with stimulants?m What should be done during the appointment?

A

Epinephrine; monitor vital signs due to strong risk for hypertension, cardiac stimulatory effects

40
Q

What are some effects of using stimulants in the oral cavity?

A

-Bruxism
-Metallic Taste
-Xerostomia

41
Q

Appetite Suppressant/Stimulants:
Benzophetamine Class

A

Class III

42
Q

Appetite Suppressant/Stimulants:
Methamphetamine Class

A

Class II

43
Q

Appetite Suppressant/Stimulants:
Phendimetrazine Class

A

Class III

44
Q

Appetite Suppressant/Stimulants:
Phentermine Class

A

Class IV

45
Q

Appetite Suppressant/Stimulants:
Phentermine and Topiramate Class

A

Class IV

46
Q

What drug is used as inhibitor of fat absorption

A

Orlistat

47
Q

Orlistat is a ____ inhibitor

A

Lipase

48
Q

Mechanism of Orilstat

A

Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases, which inhibits absorption of fats by 30%

49
Q

Orilstat Side Effects

A

GI

50
Q

Natrexone and Bupropion (Contrave): Describe what it is and what needs to be used with caution

A

-Opioid antagonist with an antidepressant
-Caution with vasoconstrictor (raises epi in CNS)

51
Q

Describe what liraglutide is used for

A

-Glucagonlike-peptide receptor agonist used for diabetes
-Used for chronic weight management in patients with BMI of 30 kg or higher plus one weight-related comorbidity (HTN, diabetes)

52
Q

How do you evaluate success of liraglutide

A

Evaluate patient after 16 weeks- if patient hasn’t lost at least 4% of body weight, discontinue drug

53
Q

Side Effects of liraglutide

A

-Increased heart rate
-Xerostomia

54
Q

Weight Loss Drugs: What are not controlled substances

A

-Orilstat
-Liraglutide
-Naltrexone & Buproprion

55
Q

What do birth control pills contain? (3)

A

-Either combo of synthetic estrogen and progestin
-Progestin only

56
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

Prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation.
Ensure that hormone levels do not fluctuate throughout the month.

57
Q

icHow do oral contraceptives work?

A

Prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation.
Ensure that hormone levels do not fluctuate throughout the month

58
Q

What do oral contraceptives thicken? Why?

A

Thicken mucus in the cervix to prevent sperm from reaching the egg

59
Q

What are other uses of oral contraceptives?

A

Decreasing premenstrual symptoms and reducing the severity of hormone-related acne.

60
Q

MOA: Estrogen

A

Inhibits FSH which inhibits ovulation

61
Q

MOA: Progesterone

A

Progesterone inhibits LH -> inhibits follicular growth which alters endometrial development

62
Q

Which form of oral contraceptives significantly increases the risk of clotting events/stroke

A

Patch

63
Q

Which single entity preparation is for rape and incest cases?

A

DES (Diethyl stillbestrol)

64
Q

Uses for RU-486 (Mifepristone)

A

Medical termination of intrauterine pregnancy; off-label treatment of certain cancers to control hyperglycemia secondary to hypercortisolism in cushing’s syndrome

65
Q

What are progestin preparations available in?

A

Available as capsules, in vaginal gels, implants, intrauterine devices and injections

66
Q

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: Protects against pregnancy for ___ weeks

A

13 weeks

67
Q

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate requires ____ injections a year

A

4 injections

68
Q

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: Mechanism

A

-Stops ovulation
-Thickens and decreases the amount of cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and fertilize an egg.
-Thins the lining of the uterus.

69
Q

Etonogestrel (Nexplanon): Overview

A

-Inserted into upper arm
-Lasts for 3 years
-Can be removed at any time.

70
Q

What do the patch form contain?

A

-Contains the hormones estrogen and progestin

71
Q

How long is the patch form worn?

A

Worn once a week for three weeks for a total of 21 days

72
Q

Patch Contraceptive: Drugs delivered by patch therapy=

A

More concentrated form

73
Q

What are some risk of birth control?

A

-Heart attack
-Stroke
-Blood clots
-Pulmonary embolism
-Nausea and vomiting
-Headaches
-Irregular bleeding
-Weight changes
-Breast tenderness and swelling
-Risk increase in women over the age of 35, especially if smokes

74
Q

Oral contraceptive oral manifestation

A

-Mimic effects of pregnancy on the gingiva
-Exacerbate inflammatory response to local irritants

75
Q

Oral Contraceptives & Gingivitis: What do current studies show with association between drug and gingivitis

A

No association between low-dose oral contraceptives and gingivitis

76
Q

Describe how oral contraceptives affect healing after extraction. What causes it?

A

-2-3x increase in risk of dry socket and post-operative pain
-May be related to fibrinolytic effects of drug interfering with blood clotting

77
Q

When should extractions be done when a patient is on birth control

A

Consider scheduling extraction on days 23 to 28 of oral contraceptive cycle when estrogen level is lowest

78
Q

Which drugs are not affected by oral contraceptives?

A

-Tetracycline
-Doxycycline
-Ampicillin
-Metronidazole
-Fluconazole
-Fluoroquinolones

79
Q

When should a second form of contraception should be used?

A

When using rifampin or ariseofluvin

80
Q

Short term goal of Hormone replacement therapy

A

Relief from symptoms of menopause

81
Q

Long term effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

Prevention of CV disease and osteoporosis

82
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy Agents (3)

A

-Estrogens
-Progestins
-Testosterone

83
Q

What hormone is in synthetic estrogens

A

Estradoil

OM Spring 2022 (6 decks)

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