Feminism

Question 1

Define Patriachy

Answer 1

A society dominated by men where women’s status is inferior

Question 2

4 type of feminism

Answer 2

Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
Radical feminism
Post modern feminism

Question 3

Give an example of a Liberal feminist

Answer 3

Simone de Beauvoir
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 4

Give an example of a socialist feminist

Answer 4

Shelia Rowbotham

Question 5

give an example of a radical feminist

Answer 5

Kate Millett
Andrea Dworkin
German Greer

Question 6

How many waves of feminism

Answer 6

4

Question 7

Dates for first wave feminism

Answer 7

1790 - 1940s

Question 8

Dates for second wave feminism

Answer 8

1960’s - 1980s

Question 9

Dates for third wave feminism

Answer 9

1990s - early 2000s

Question 10

Dates for fourth wave feminism

Answer 10

Post 2008

Question 11

What did Mary Wollstonecraft stand for

Answer 11

Rights for women

Also key in the liberalism movement - MASSIVE crossover between the two

Question 12

Define Gender stereotype

Answer 12

Men’s and women’s gender roles are predetermined by society so that they are socialised to behave in a certain way

Question 13

What is meant by equality of opportunity

Answer 13

Everyone, regardless of their gender, should have the same life chances in society

Question 14

what were Simone de Beauvoir’s key thoughts

Answer 14

Sex versus gender - gender roles have been assigned to women on the basis of their sex
Otherness - men are perceived as the “norm” and therefore women are deviants from this norm
Key text - The Second Sex 1940

Question 15

What were Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s key thoughts

Answer 15

Sex and domestic economics go hand in hand
Societal Pressure
Key work - the yellow wallpaper 1892

Question 16

Define equality

Answer 16

Women should have the same right to vote and protest as men

Question 17

Define Gender equality

Answer 17

Men and women should be treated the same within society

Question 18

Define legal equality and what does this mean in the context of feminism

Answer 18

Everybody should be treated the same in the eyes of the law

Context - women should have the same lawful rights as men

Question 19

Define Reformism and what does this mean in a feminist context

Answer 19

Belief that society can be reformed.

Context - means that negative consequences of oppression can gradually alter until equality is achieved

Question 20

Define discrimination and set it in context

Answer 20

Treating a group or individual less favourably than another

Context - women treated less favourably than men

Question 21

Define socialist feminism

Answer 21

Economics leads to gender inequality and that capitalism causes patriachy

Question 22

Key ideas of Sheila Rowbotham

Answer 22

Capitalism - woman are forced to sell their labour to survive and use their labour to support their family under the capitalism system
the family - not just an instrument for disciplining and subjecting women to capitalism but a place where men took refuge from alienation under a capitalist economy
Key Work - Woman’s Consciousness, Man’s World 1973

Question 23

Define public sphere

Answer 23

the visible area of society where relationships are public such as in culture and civic life and in the workplace

Question 24

Define private sphere

Answer 24

The area of society where relationships are seen as private. These relationships are less visible and centred on the home and domestic life

Question 25

What did Charlotte Bunch argue and what was her solution

Answer 25

that heterosexual relationships are based on power Lesbianism was a political choice Solution - Abolish nuclear family

Question 26

What did Andrea Dworkin argue

Answer 26

That pornography is symptomatic of men’s perception of women as sex objects

Question 27

What were Shulamith Firestone’s views and what was the solution

Answer 27

Took Simone de Beauvoir’s ideas to next level. Patriachy has always existed as women have been enslaved by men solution - perfect society would eliminate gender distinctions and embrace androgyny Also when technology allows men should be given wombs and have to carry children

Question 28

Key ideas of Kate Millett

Answer 28

Family - undoing traditional family was the key to true sexual revolution Portrayal of women in art and literature - patriarchal had produced writers and literary works that are degrading to women Key work - Sexual Politics 1970

Question 29

What are the differences between liberal and radical feminism

Answer 29

Liberal feminism is primarily concerned with reforming the public sphere os society by eradicating sexual discrimination so that men and women are treated equally. Radical feminism is concerned with both the public sphere of society and the private sphere of the family in its analysis of patriachy Radical feminists reject reform and prefer revolution to transform society Radical feminism is not coherent in its solutions as it proposes a number of conflicting revolutionary societies

Question 30

What are the differences between socialist and radical feminism

Answer 30

Radical feminism argues that patriarchal gender oppression is the main factor determining a woman’s fate whereas socialist feminism argues that women are also oppressed economically primarily by capitalism

Question 31

What are the differences between liberal and socialist feminists

Answer 31

Liberal feminists believe that society can be reformed so that patriachy is eliminated. Socialist feminists argue that economics as well as gender determine female oppression Socialist feminists have differed in their solutions arguing that society should be reformed or revolutionised to tackle these intertwining factors

Question 32

What is the difference between post feminism and post modern feminism

Answer 32

``` Post feminism argues that most of the battles of inequality have been won and that women need to move on Postmodern feminism disagrees and agrees with intersectionality which challenges the notion that gender is the singular factor for determining female oppression Post modern feminism would strong disagree with the post feminist argument that women have won most battles of inequality arguing that post feminism articulates on the narrow view of middle class women in western society ```

Question 33

Why is post modern feminism critical of the other branches of feminism

Answer 33

Post modern feminism argues that other branches of feminism do not embrace the complexity of realists and that existence is too complicated for a woman’s fate to be determined by only one factor - ie gender Likewise the very construct of a woman is simplistic as women are more than just their gender - class, race, age and religions all play a part in forming identity - this is why they embrace intersectionality

Question 34

Are post modern feminists the same as post feminists

Answer 34

No

Question 35

Why has post feminism been criticised

Answer 35

Because it examines feminism solely through a white, middle class framework that ignores the complexity of female experience that postmodern feminism explores

Question 36

What were bell hooks key thoughts

Answer 36

``` Women of colour - she brought the cultural concerns of women of colour into the mainstream feminist movement Intersectionality - challenging the mainstream feminist movement’s focus which had previously been on white, college educated, middle/ upper class women Key work - Ain’t I a woman: black women and feminism 1981 ```

Question 37

Define intersectionality

Answer 37

``` Challenging the belief that gender is the singular most important factor in determining a woman’s experience Woman have multiple overlapping intersecting identities, inc race/ class/ age/ religion The view of a white middle class woman is v different to that of a working class black woman ```

Question 38

Key quote by liberal feminist

Answer 38

One is not born but rather becomes a woman - S de Beauvoir A house does not need a wife any more than it needs a husband - C Perkins Gilman

Question 39

Key quote by socialist feminist

Answer 39

Society has a tremendous stake in insisting on a woman’s natural fitness for the career of mother; the alternatives are all too expensive - S Rowbotham

Question 40

Key quote by a Radical feminist

Answer 40

The complete destruction of traditional marriage and the nuclear family is the “revolutionary or utopian” goal of feminism - K Millett

Question 41

Key quote by postmodern feminist

Answer 41

If responsible women want a feminist revolution … then we must assume responsibility for eliminating all the forces that divide women - b hooks

Question 42

Who is Natasha Walker

Answer 42

Post modern feminist | 2010 Women are facing new pressures of hypersexualisation

Question 43

Examples of Post modern feminist movements

Answer 43

Feminist - nudity is empowering frequently making topless protests Slutwalk - started after a police officer argued that women should “avoid dressing like sluts” if they didn’t want to be assaulted

Question 44

Who is Kira Cochrane

Answer 44

4th wave post modern feminist. Argues that technology is a source of misogyny and patriarchy via social media Eg Diane Abbott mp got more abuse than any other MP in 2017 election BUT also social media can be used to challenge sexism in the public sphere (Everyone’s invited/ Cancel culture)

Question 45

What is intersectionality and Give an example of intersectional values

Answer 45

Women can be oppressed in multiple overlapping areas such as their gender, class, race, sexuality or disability Transfeminism - shows how complicated defining sex and gender is

Question 46

Who is Kimberle Crenshaw

Answer 46

Produced theory of intersectionality which challenged the notation that gender is the most important factor in understanding women’s lives

Question 47

What is equality feminism

Answer 47

Argues for an elimination of cultural differences between the genders Different branches of feminism have different ideas on how to achieve this

Question 48

Define Difference feminists

Answer 48

Perceive women as biologically and culturally different. They argue that these differences need to be recognised and celebrated This group of feminists in the minority and are unpopular as they argue that women have a natural pre determination to be more passive and caring than men

Question 49

Define essentialism

Answer 49

The idea that biological factors determine the different characters and behaviours of men and women so that some behaviours are “natural” and not socially constructed

Question 50

Name a key feminist thinker associated with the idea that women are oppressed economically and culturally

Answer 50

Shelia Rowbotham

Question 51

Name a key feminist thinker associated with the idea of gender stereotyping

Answer 51

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Question 52

Name a key feminist thinker associated with the idea of otherness

Answer 52

Simone de Beauvoir

Question 53

Name a key feminist thinker associated with the idea of family as a source of patriarchy

Answer 53

Kate Millett

Question 54

Name a key feminist thinker associated with the idea that mainstream feminism excludes women of colour

Answer 54

belle hooks

Question 55

Why is the distinction between sex and gender so important within feminism

Answer 55

Most feminists are equality feminists Arguing that physical biological differences of sex play no role in definitions innate gender characteristics Instead the patriarchal nature of society influences gender traits Postmodern feminists argue for intersectionality which challenges idea that gender is single most important factor Difference feminists have challenged the idea that gender is a cultural phenomenon arguing that biological sex differences define innate gender characteristics

Question 56

What did Engels say about women in the workplace

Answer 56

Often reduced to being a reserve army of labour (only called upon when needed - eg wartime)

Question 57

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that all individuals should be treated the same in the eyes of the law

Answer 57

Legal equality

Question 58

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that women are biologically and culturally dissimilar

Answer 58

Difference feminism

Question 59

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that challenging the belief that gender is the most important factor in a woman’s experience

Answer 59

Intersectionality

Question 60

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that society is dominated by men

Answer 60

Patriarchy

Question 61

Identify the key feminist term associated with a broad branch of feminism which argues that cultural differences between genders should be eliminated

Answer 61

Equality feminism

Question 62

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that a group or individual is treated less favourably

Answer 62

Discriminiation

Question 63

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that gender roles are predetermined by society

Answer 63

Gender stereotypes

Question 64

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that women are a spare workforce

Answer 64

Reserve army of labour

Question 65

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that society can be successfully modified

Answer 65

Reformist

Question 66

Identify the key feminist term associated with the visible area of society

Answer 66

Public sphere

Question 67

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that women are treated as an inferior minority, different from and subordinate to men

Answer 67

Otherness

Question 68

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that all individuals should have the same life chances

Answer 68

Equality of opportunity

Question 69

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that biological factors determine different characteristics which are “natural”

Answer 69

Essentialism

Question 70

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that women should be allowed the same rights to vote and protest as men

Answer 70

Political equality

Question 71

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that women have distinct cultural characteristics

Answer 71

Cultural feminism

Question 72

Identify the key feminist term associated with the often invisible area of society

Answer 72

Private sphere

Question 73

Identify the key feminist term associated with idea that men and women should be treated the same of within society

Answer 73

Gender equality