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Feminism Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four strands of feminism?

A

-Liberal
-Socialist
-Radical
-Post-modern

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2
Q

What are the five core ideas of feminism?

A

-Sex and gender
-Patriarchy
-Personal is political
-Equality/Difference feminism
-Intersectionality

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3
Q

Who are the key thinkers for feminism?

A

Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Equality
Simone de Beauvoir - Equality
Kate Millett - Radical Equality
Sheila Rowbotham - Socialist Equality
Bell Hooks - Postmodern

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4
Q

What is sex and gender?

A

Sex - biological differences
Gender - cultural and economic difference in peoples lives
All feminists agree there is a difference between, and most argue sex should be irrelevant to treatment

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5
Q

What are radical feminists view towards sex and gender?

A

Sex differences vital to explain inferiority (essentialism), but should now be equal due to the same skills between m/w

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6
Q

What is essentialism?

A

The fundamental biological difference between m/w - Radicals use this to explain womens inferiority in history, while other claim it is irrelevant

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7
Q

How do Post-modern fem view sex and gender?

A

Bell Hooks - disagree with difference in essentialism due to infertility and LGBTQ so biology-culture link is weak rather than fixed

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8
Q

What is pre-feminist thought around sex and gender?

A

Inferior to men because housework less valued that being breadwinner, therefore less able to be rational and no need for specialised knowledge

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9
Q

What are liberal feminists view towards sex and gender?

A

Accept sex differences but gender differences artificial in patriarchy, inferiority learned, thus reform needed (education,representation) to change culture

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10
Q

How do radical feminists view sex and gender?

A

Cultural rev to combat patriarchy, dialectical struggle between m/w and all sex functions must be replaced with androgyny (co-exist)
Millett - gender more significant so must be destroyed

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11
Q

How do radical fem support difference views in sex and gender?

A

Women and men different natures rooted in biology which should be celebrated rather than eradicated (different to radical views)

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12
Q

How do socialist feminists view sex and gender?

A

Oppression due to capitalism, patriarchy assigns inferior gender roles and become cheap labour force, must abolish capitalism or change system for moderates

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13
Q

What is Beauvoir’s quote about sex and gender?

A

“Women are not born, they are made” - supports socialst view on capitalism

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14
Q

What are the similarities on sex and gender?

A

-S+G different
-Equality argue sex is insignificant due to androgynous HN
-Femininity is constructed, so gender roles oppressive and should be rejected

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15
Q

What are the differences on sex and gender?

A

-Difference fem essentialism while equality argue no difference in sex
-Equality fem advocate equality while difference argue separatism
-Cultural fem promote femininity while equality fem argue androgyny

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16
Q

What is the patriarchy?

A

Power relationship between m/w, where society, state and economy is characterised by gender oppression - some argue limited to the family while other argue this allows men to dominate institutions in society also

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17
Q

How do liberal feminists view patriarchy?

A

emphasised unequal distribution of rights in public sphere (lacks representation), prevents equality but can be changed gradually through political and cultural reform

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18
Q

How do socialist fem view patriarchy?

A

Capitalism links to patriarchy, Rowbotham argues nature of society is economically determined, so dominant capitalists and men oppress women - revolution to destroy capitalism

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19
Q

Why do some socialist feminists reject the idea of the patriarchy?

A

Gender inequality is a sub-product of class inequality; so capitalism is the problem not patriarchy

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20
Q

What does Simone de Beauvoir say about patriarchy?

A

Only a man has the freedom to choose and set himself up as essential and subject, while women are inessential and object - balanced couple that are equal to combat

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21
Q

How do radical feminists view the patriarchy?

A

Deeply divisive, begins in family and invades society. Millet argued it is a hierarchal system that involves sexual and generation oppression, P must be removed by full attack or female counterculture

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22
Q

What does Millet say about relationships in the patriarchy?

A

Radical - hetero superior to homo so women needed to be sexually liberated (celibate) or lesbian to be free from oppression

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23
Q

How do Liberals fundamentally differ from other strands on the patriarchy?

A

All believe in some form of revolution (economic, militant approach) while liberals argue for gradual reforms using the state

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24
Q

What is Intersectionality?

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A

How biological, social, religious and cultural categories interact to create a multidimensional character of injustice against women - seeks to identify system of oppression beyond male oppression

25
What is strand is intersectionality tied with?
Fourth wave feminism, bell hooks examines how sexism and racism devalues black womanhood and that systematic oppression perpetuates itself overtime
26
How do all feminists view the patriarchy & the state?
No coherent view of what the state is, but all concerned over the patriarchy. All agree that state has some positives for women
27
How do socialist feminists view the patriarchy and the state?
State problematic as an agent of capitalism that exploits women’s labour. Rowbotham views state as a servant of capitalism then the patriarchy
28
How do liberal feminists view patriarchy & state?
Reluctance of the state to address inferior position (lack of representation) but state influences to create solution (equality legislation) - however limited to public sphere in protections
29
How do radical feminists view patriarchy & state?
Reforms positive but dont bring wider change to the patriarchal cultural in society, state therefore powerless because it is a patriarchal institution (Millet)
30
How do radical fem differ from liberal and socialist over the state?
Radical - states role in public and private, and state is patriarchy first Socialist - capitalist first them patriarchy Liberal - state in public sphere only
31
How do socialist and radical fem agree over the state?
Doesnt have womens interests at heart and not able to eradicate the patriarchy from society (either because agent of capitalism or the patriarchy)
32
How do socialist fem view the economy?
Patriarchy&capitalism are intertwined, removing capitalism through revolution is only way to alleviate oppression, women become inferior wage slaves and a reserve army of labour
33
How do postmodern fem view the economy?
focus on economic experience of white women too much and ignore oppression of WOC as they have different experiences, face poverty due to racism not just gender
34
What does Rowbotham (socialist fem) add to economy?
Need to organise to defeat capitalism, patriarchy has equally strong cultural roots, not just in economy
35
How do liberal fem view the economy?
Should be able to compete with men equally, Gilman - enter workplace to find equality and unpaid domestic lab helped men to keep wealth for themselves, equality also trickle in private sphere after
36
What is ‘the personal is political’? (TPIP)
Idea that all relationships (public and private) between m&w are based on power and dominance
37
How do liberal fem view TPIP?
no justification for interference in private sphere unless it harms others as a place of personal choice and indv freedom, public sphere only concern of state because low position of women in society
38
How do radical fem view TPIP?
include public and private sphere, by separating them inequality has continued as it is resigned to private, agree TPIP and increased welfare spending as a result
39
What did Millett say about politics? (TPIP)
politics is ‘power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby one group of persons is controlled by another’
40
How do socialist fem view TPIP?
Rowbotham argues for abolition of capitalism but also that oppression spreads into home and society also, must be freed in wider culture
41
How do social fem view the state?
An agent of capitalism (Rowbotham), dominance of men and capitalists because they run the state and exploit womens unpaid labour
42
How do postmodern view the state?
state dominated by white males which reinforces their dominant position in society, bell hooks said systems of oppression able to perpetuate themselves overtime (perhaps through state)
43
How do social fem view society?
Rowbotham - society is economically determined from capitalists and men, however patriarchy has equally strong cultural roots so oppression in both public&private
44
How do liberal fem view society?
Separate public&private sphere, advocate for EoOpp in public only through gradual reform, societal attitudes perpetuate womens inferiority
45
How do radical fem view society?
Patriarchy begins in private and invades economy, society and political systems (Millett), essentialism not justified in society
46
How do postmodern view society?
Systems of oppression perpetuate themselves overtime, inequality of other minorities in society must also be addressed alongside women
47
How do radical fem view economy?
Improving womens economic position will not lead to equality (eg USSR), patriarchy does exist in both economic and cultural fields
48
How do social fem view HN?
women become ‘inessential and object’, and ‘women are not born they are made’ due to assigned inferior gender roles, womens HN opressed from power imbalance in home and society
49
How do liberal fem view HN?
inferiority not in our HN, a learned behaviour as our gender is equal to mens despite sex diff, equal rights allow HN to flourish
50
How do radical fem view HN?
essentialism not justified to maintain inferiority, womans consciousness is created by men (Rowbotham)
51
How do postmodern view HN?
complex HN from POC and WC identities, must be tackled together to achieve equality as we face multiple forms of oppression, sex is not clear cut but still no reason to be unequal
52
How do postmodern view the patriarchy?
Hooks - struggle against Patriarchy must start in equal society for all minorities to break preconceptions of inferiority, systems of oppression perpetuate themselves
53
how do postmodern view TPIP?
intersectionality - race, class and gender all layers of discrimination so i guess TPIP ? all personal identities affected
54
How do social fem view intersectionality?
focus on oppression through economy and partly cultural (Rowbotham society economically determined), inferior gender roles are learned so need to be rejected like intersectionalities race oppression
55
How do liberal fem view intersectionality?
Differ as focus on suffragettes (white MC) and simply extending franchise and political equality, agree with oppressive gender roles
56
How do radical fem view intersectionality?
Disagree as sex diff oppress rather than gender, agree oppression largely cultural rather than economic
57
What do difference feminists believe?
Women have fundamentally different biologically determined natures (more nurturing and empathetic) which are undervalued in the patriarchy
58
Why do equality feminists disagree with different fems?
Argue that emphasising differences undermines the goal of equality by suggesting women are naturally suited to stereotypical roles

Politics (Edexcel) (15 decks)

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