Feminist ciminology

Question 1

Freud on the deviant women

Answer 1

Thought the deviant women wants to be a man.
The idea of penis envy.
His solution was for the women to re-socialise to their appropriate gender roles. e.g becoming wives and mothers.

Question 2

Pollack on criminal women

Answer 2

He saw deviant women as lacking moral codes and that they haven’t learnt their gender roles.
Women could cover up their crimes due to their position in society.
He thought that women use their sexuality to encourage men to commit crime and escape punishment.

Question 3

Thomas - the un-adjusted girl

Answer 3

thought that female criminals are driven by their nervous system and their intense need to give and receive love.
This was especially noted in prostitution.

Question 4

Merton’s strain theory

Answer 4

male crime is seen as a normal response and female crime is seen as a weakness.
E.g. women who are serial killers are seen as more evil than male killers. As it contradicts their societal role.

Question 5

Labelling and sub-cultural theories

Answer 5

Women play a role in subcultures as the matriarch.

Women are labelled as innocent or weak and therefore they live up to those expectations.

Question 6

The feminist critique of criminology

Answer 6

Criminology has always been male focused.
The normal subject of criminology has been male.
It tends to portray deviant women as pathologically evil.
It dismisses women’s experience as a person of knowledge.

Question 7

Liberal feminism (1st wave)

Answer 7

aimed at creating equality before the law, looked to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment.
E.g. the suffragette movement.

Question 8

Emma Goldman

Answer 8

The founder of anarcha-feminism.
Thought that the social order was unrestricted by man.
All forms of government rest on violence and are therefore wrong.
Women are enslaved by the state, the church and the family.

Question 9

Marxist feminism

Answer 9

society is divided across class and gender.
Women provide unpaid domestic labour e.g. housework.
Women are crucial to the working of capitalism, they make sure their husbands are looked after so they can go to work yet they get no recognition.

Question 10

Silvia federici 2004

Answer 10

there are historical entanglements of patriarchy and white supremacy in establishing capitalist society.
Laws around property, family and abortion degrade women of their social power.

Question 11

Radical feminism

Answer 11

form of women’s liberation. Focused on patriarchy by which men benefit from the oppression of women. Male control over reproduction, sexuality violence and others.
This is the idea that the personal is political.

Question 12

Carol Smarts - double deviance

Answer 12

women who commit crime break both the law and their gender roles expectations.
Women are punished and stigmatised not only as bad citizens but also as bad women.

Question 13

Secondary victimisation

Answer 13

victim blaming: women victims of violent crime e.g. rape are considered guilty for the violence committed by men.
Cooperating with the authorities and seeking justice exacerbates trauma.
Looks at the invisibility of violence against women.