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Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

What type of breeders are ferrets?

A

Seasonal (long day) breeders

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2
Q

What are working ferrets used for?

A

Rabbit hunting

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3
Q

What type of diet do ferrets have e.g. omnivore, herbivore, carnivore?

A

Obligate carnivore

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4
Q

Do ferrets prefer to be kept in groups or solitary?

A

Very sociable
Pairs or groups of any sex (depends on personality)
Sleep together in piles

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5
Q

Why is GI disease very common in ferrets?

A

Very curious - will attempt to eat almost anything

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6
Q

What conditions may cause a ferret to ingest a foreign body (pica)?

A

Hepatopathy

Inflammatory bowel disease

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7
Q

Why does foreign body ingestion in ferrets show rapid clinical signs?

A

Ferrets have a short GI transit time

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8
Q

What is a trichobezoar?

A

Ingested mass of hair

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9
Q

Are trichobezoars normal or pathological in ferrets?

A

Can be either

Due to self grooming or pruritic skin disease

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10
Q

What bacteria causes GI infections (and anaemia) in < 2 yrs or stress/sick ferrets? (or a recent diet change)

A

Helicobacter mustelae

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11
Q

Chronic Helicobacter infection in ferrets can use to development of what tumours?

A

Gastric adenocarcarcinoma

Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

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12
Q

How is Helicobacter mustelae in ferrets diagnosed?

A

Silver staining to visualise organism
Serological assay
PCR on gastric swabs PLUS gastric biopsise

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13
Q

How is Helicobacter mustelae treated in ferrets?

A

Ranitidine/omeprazole

Antibiotics - metronidazole, amoxicillin

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14
Q

What type of pathogen causes Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (green slime disease) in ferrets?

A

Coronavirus

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets?

A

Green, mucoid D+
V+
Weight loss

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16
Q

Is Epizootic catarrhal enteritis more severe in younger or older ferrets?

A

Older ferrets

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17
Q

How is epizootic catarrhal enteritis treated in ferrets?

A

Supportive care
Broad spectrum antibiotics
GI protectants
Quarantine

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18
Q

Ferret systemic coronavirus resembles what virus in cats?

A

FIP

Dry form

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19
Q

How is ferret systemic coronavirus diagnosed?

A

Bloods - hypergammaglobuniaemia

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20
Q

Does ferret systemic coronavirus tend to affect older or younger ferrets?

A

Young ferrets

Survival for 2 months

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21
Q

What bacteria causes proliferative colitis in ferrets?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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22
Q

What is salivary mucocele?

A

Abnormal collection of saliva leaked from damaged salivary glands/ducts

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23
Q

Which glands in ferrets produce their typical ‘musky’ smell? Do males or females have a stronger smell?

A

Sebaceous glands

Males

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24
Q

When do ferrets usually moult?

A

Spring/Summer

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25
What type of ovulators are ferrets?
Induced ovulator
26
Why is it an issue if jills are unmated?
Oestrogen toxicity | Unmated = remain in oestrus, 50% develop aplastic anaemia
27
What are the clinical signs of oestrogen toxicity in ferrets?
``` Swollen vulva Pale mms (aplastic anaemia) ```
28
How can oestrogen toxicity be prevented in ferrets?
Use of a castrated male | Neutering of female
29
How can oestrogen toxicity be treated in ferrets?
Proligestone injection or hCG | Blood transfusion
30
Is adrenal gland disease the same as Cushing's in ferrets?
No
31
At what age do ferrets usually present with adrenal gland disease?
3.4 yrs post neutering
32
Which area/zone of the adrenal gland is affected by adrenal gland disease in ferrets?
Zona reticularis | Elevated androgen hormones, hyperandrogegism
33
What can cause adrenal gland disease in ferrets?
Genetics Indoor housing/photoperiod Neutering!
34
What are the clinical signs of adrenal disease in ferrets?
``` Androgen stimulation Bilateral symmetrical alopecia Pruritis Behaviour change/aggression Vulval swelling Gynaceomastia (males develop breast tissue) Prostateomegaly causes dysuria ```
35
How can adrenal gland disease in ferrets be diagnosed?
History/clinical signs Serum adrenal panel Abdo ultrasound and palpation if enlarged Treatment trial
36
How is adrenal gland disease in ferrets treated?
Surgery - find cause (e.g. ovarian remnant), L adrenalectomy GnRH analogue - Deslorelin implant Melatonin
37
When treating adrenal disease in ferrets, why is only the left adrenal gland removed?
Right adrenal gland is attached to caudal VC | Debulk instead of removal
38
Are GnRH analogues (e.g. deslorelin implants) better in early or later stages of ferret adrenal disease?
Early stage | Less effective if advanced/neoplastic
39
What tumour is associated with ferret adrenal gland disease?
Insulinoma | Measure glucose
40
How can adrenal gland disease in ferrets be prevented?
Keep ferrets outdoors | Alternatives to neutering - deslorelin, progesterone, vasectomised mating
41
How often does the deslorelin implant last in ferrets? When should it be placed?
1-2 years females, 4 years males | Place in Spring
42
Is the deslorelin implant licensed in ferrets?
Only males
43
Entire male ferrets can be difficult to handle due to very strong musky odour. What are the treatment options?
Castration Deslorelin implant Neuter and implant at same time if adrenal disease
44
What tumour is relatively common in ferrets
Insulinoma
45
Are insulinomas more common in males than females? What age?
Males | 4-6 yrs
46
What are the clinical signs of insulinoma?
``` HL weakness/ataxia Stargazing Dull Seizures Collapse Salivation/pawing at mouth (nausea) May resolve following meal ```
47
What surgical treatment can be used for insulinomas in ferrets?
Partial pancreatectomy or nodulectomy
48
What medical treatment can be given for insulinomas in ferrets?
Prednisolone - for gluconeogensis | Diazoxide - to inhibit insulin release
49
Other than medical/surgical treatment, how can you manage an insulinoma in ferrets?
Emergency stabilisation with glucose | Diet high in fat and protein - no simple sugars
50
Is dilated cardiomyopathy related to taurine deficiency in ferrets?
No
51
What is the most common echocardiographic finding in ferrets?
Degenerative heart disease
52
Degenerative heart disease is the most common echocardiographic finding in ferrets. What would you expect to see?
Thickening and regurgitation of valves | esp aortic
53
What virus causes influenza in ferrets?
Orthomyxovirus
54
Is influenza in ferrets zoonotic?
Yes - also anthroponotic | Ferrets can catch human flu virus A and B
55
Which disease that is vaccinated against in dogs can be caught by ferrets?
Distemper
56
What are the clinical signs of distemper in ferrets?
``` Photosensitivity Anorexia Pyrexia Serous-mucopurulent nasal discharge Ataxia/tremors/paralysis Hyperkeratosis of foot pds Erythema Death can occur in 12 hrs ```
57
Can canine distemper be treated in ferrets?
No - 100% mortality | Prevent with vaccination
58
Aleutian disease virus in ferrets is what type of virus? What is thought to be the reservoir?
Parvovirus | Wild mink reservoir
59
What age of ferrets does Aleutian disease affect? What are the clinical signs?
2-4 yrs old Multiple organ failure Hypergammaglobulinaemia
60
What is the treatment for Aleutian disease virus in ferrets?
Anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants | Melatonin - immune modulation and antioxidant

Exotics (SA) (5 decks)

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