Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSK! MSK! MSK! > Fert/Gast > Flashcards

Fert/Gast Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

haploid cells can undergo __________ which is the fusion of nuclei of two sex cells

A

karyogamy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

oocyte is ______ which the sperm is ________

A

immotile, highly motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the sex chromosome constitution of gametes

A

sperm (23X or 23Y) and oocytes (23X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At what point do primary oocytes stop being dormant and form mature, _______ oocytes

A

puberty, secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the secondary oocyte stop meiotic division

A

begins 2nd meiotic division but stops at metaphase II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many oocytes do you have at birth? what kind are they?

A

2M, primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many oocytes remain at adolcescence

A

40k

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

About how many secondary oocytes form

A

about 400 form and are ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the antral follicle is surrounded by what

A

granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are granulosa cells responsible for?

A

folliculogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What anchors the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle

A

cumulus oophorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what line the wall of the follicle

A

mural granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are firmly anchored to the zona pellucida as well as being the closest layer to the oocyte

A

corona radiata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the thick layer of glycoproteins deep to the corona radiata

A

zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the parts of the mature sperm

A

head (forms most of the bulk of the sperm and contains the nucleus)
neck (junction of head and tail)
tail (provides motility to the fertilization site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the head of the sperm covered by

A

acrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the acrosome contain

A

enzymes that facilitate the dispersion of follicular cells of the corona radiata and penetration of the zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are you born with all the oocytes you will have

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes the changes from primary oocyte to secondary

A

the stage of meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the purpose of the follicle around the oocyte

A

protect and support the oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the space that follicular fluid collects in the oocyte

A

antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how many polar bodies are produced? what are they

A

2, they are blebbing of the cytoplasm from the oocyte undergoing meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the fate of the polar bodies

A

if the oocyte is fertilized the cytoplasm is resorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the steps of fertilization

A
  1. find egg
  2. attach to egg
  3. burrow through outer layer of oocyte
  4. fertilization occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what process does sperm have to undergo to bond to egg
capacitation
26
what causes the capacitation process
the environment of the vagina (acidic environment)
27
what does capacitation allow
the sperm to fuse with oocyte
28
what does izumo do
help recognize the egg and promote binding
29
where are izumo and juno/cd9 found
izumo on sperm; juno on egg
30
what is multiple sperm in the egg called
polyspermy
31
what ion is involved in the cortical reaction
Ca
32
what is the cortical reaction
the events following sperm and egg fusing that disallows other sperm from attaching and entering the cytoplasm
33
what stimulates oocyte to complete meiosis 2
fertilization
34
at what point is a zygote formed
when the male and female pronuclei allign at the metaphase plate
35
when zygote forms what becomes active
the zygotic genome
36
mosaicism is a result of
nondisjunction (where chromosome fails to separate)
37
repeated division of the zygote produces
blastomeres
38
when does cleavage begin
30 hours after fert
39
at 9 cell stage what happens
compaction (the zygote is the same size but contains more cells)
40
at 12-32 cells what is the human called
morula
41
at what point is the morula a blastocyst
when the blastocyst cavity appears
42
within the blastocyst there are 2 types of cells what are they
the embryoblast which makes up the clump of cell; trophoblast layer that makes up the perimeter
43
after how many days does the zona pellucida degenerate
2, this allow the hatching of the blastocyst
44
embryoblast cells are more/less totipotent than the trophoblast cells
more
45
what is the timeline of the first 5 days after fertilization
``` day 0 pronuclear day 1 2-cell day 2 4-cell day 3 8-cell day 4 morula day 5 blastocyst hatching ```
46
artificial methods of pregnancy
freeze eggs in N2, inject sperm into oocyte, assisted ivf (placement of sperm and egg in uterine tubes)
47
what helps prevent spontaneous abortion
progesterone
48
what is the common causes of spontaneous abortions
inadequate production of progesterone and estrogen; chromosomal abnormalities
49
what is the common location of the ectopic pregnancy
in the oviduct mainly in the ampullary region
50
what does ectopic pregnancy present like
appendicitis
51
placental previa
where the placenta attaches too close to the cervix
52
what two populations do the trophoblasts differentiate into
1. syncytiotrophoblasts - responsible for adhesion to endometrium - release enzymes that break down endometrial wall and allow burrowing (decidualization) 2. cytotrophoblasts - cells that surround the embryoblast inside the embryo
53
embryoblast splits into what two layers
hypoblast (primitive endoderm) - surrounds the epiblast inside the cell epiblast - layer of cells deep to the hypoblast and gives rise to the embryo
54
what are the extraembryonic membranes?
1. amnion - thin layer of cells that enclose the epiblast and holds amniotic fluid 2. yolk sac - serves as site for early blood cell and vessel formation 3. chorion-gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta 4. allantois-where waste collects initial collection of germ cells as well
55
when does the amnion (amniotic cavity) form
beginning of second week
56
development of the yolk sac occurs when and forms what
day 8, primary yolk sac
57
what is heuser's membrane
the cells that line the yolk sac
58
what fills the remainder of the space in the yolk sac
extraembryonic mesoderm (it arises from the hypoblast and primary yolk sac)
59
when does the primary yolk sac degrade
day 12; the secondary yolk sac forms
60
what new space forms by splitting the extraembryonic mesoderm into 2 layers
chorionic cavity
61
what is the chorion
separates the embryo with its attached amnion and yolk sac from the outer wall of the blastocyst
62
Amnion, definitive yolk sac, & chorion all become 2-layered
* Amnion/chorion = extraembryonic ectoderm & mesoderm * Yolk sac = extraembryonic endoderm & mesoderm * Chorion = extraembryonic mesoderm
63
day 13 the disc is suspended in the chorionic cavity by the
connecting stalk
64
what is the hydatidiform mole
abnormal blastocyst with continued trophoblast development | high levels of hcg, may produce choriocarcinoma
65
gastrulation
- process by which cells from the epiblast migrate to form the primary germ layers - begins week 3 with the formation of the primitive streak - once this has happened we have the trilaminar embryonic disc
66
epiblast gives rise to what layers
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
67
where does the primitive streak move
caudal to cranial but doesn't move all the way so cells need to move through the streak and migrate between the layers
68
teratomas
tumors from primordial germ cells which cause weird cell types to form where they wouldn't normally
69
where does the notochordal process form
along the primitive pit; formation begins with cranial extension from the primitive node, forms a hollow tube called the notochordal process, grows cranially between ecto and endoderm before reaching the prechordal plate, by day 20 the notochordal process is complete
70
where is the notochord from
mesoderm
71
what does the notochord do
• Primary inductor in the early embryo: signaling required for development of axial musculoskeleton & CNS • Contributes to the nucleus pulposus in infants & children

MSK! MSK! MSK! (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions