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SAM Module B Urinary system > Fertility > Flashcards

Fertility Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

When do animals become fertile?

A

Bitch - 6m if small, up to 18m in giant breeds
Queens - When 80% of BW, in time with spring so can be from 5m-12m
Tom - 6-9m
Dog - unclear

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2
Q

How do queens ovulate?

A

Copulation stimulates it
Can take up to 4 times
If not seeing yowling/ aggression/ licking after then unlikely to have properly mated

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3
Q

What are the most common conditions cycling abnormalities of the non pregnant female?

A

Failure to cycle
Persistent oestrus
Ovarian remnant syndrome
Pseudopregnancy

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4
Q

WHat are the most common disorders of the vagina/ vulva?

A

Vaginitis
Clitoral hyperplasia
Vaginal hyperplasia

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5
Q

What are the most common conditions of the non pregnant uterus?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Pyometra
Neoplasia

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6
Q

What can cause infertility in the female?

A 
Infertile female
Failure to observe oestrus
Short interoestrus interval
Prolonged anoestrus
Failure to mate
Failure to achieve pregnancy
Foetal resorption or abortion
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7
Q

What are the most common pregnancy conditions?

A 
Hypoglycaemia
Eclampsia
RFM
Abortion
Foetal resorption
Diabetes melitus
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8
Q

What are the most common conditions of parturition/ the post partum period

A 
Dystocia - foetal or maternal
Retained placenta
Uterine h+
Subinvolution of placental sites
Agalactia
Mastitis
Endometritis
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9
Q

What are the most common neonatal conditions?

A

Fading puppy/ kitten syndrome
Septicemia
Hypoglycaemia
Anaemia

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10
Q

What are the most common conditions of the male?

A 
Crytorchidism
Prostate diease
Congenital abnormalities
Orchitis
Neoplasia
Paraphiosis
Penile trauma
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11
Q

What can cause infertility in the male?

A 
Lack of  libido
Inability to mate
Ejaculation failure
Spermatic abnormalities/ azospermia
Prostatic disease
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12
Q

How would you investigate intersex?

A

Karyotyping

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13
Q

Outline the use of vaginal cytology

A

Helps evaluate stage in the oestrus cycle
Cheap easy quick
Ideally use a speculum
In anoestrus - see small basal cells
In Pro oestrus - see larger intermediate cells, +++ RBCs
In oestrus - cornification of cells
End of oestrus - increase in nucleated cells and leukocytes
Cornification suggests oestrus

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14
Q

What is vaginoscopy for?

A

For staging oestrus cycle

Mucosa in prooestrus - pink, oedematous, folded

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15
Q

How can you evaluate semen?

A 
Volume
colour
pH
Concentration of sperm
ALKP - should be normal levels
Culture
Sperm number and motility
Abnormalities
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16
Q

What is hormone testing best for?

A

For when to time mating

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17
Q

Outline the GnRH, progesterone, relaxin tests

A

GnRH - If not in season, can test to assess for ovarian remnant syndrome/ Can check for retained testes in male
Progesterone - stays high in the bitch 9-10 weeks post ovulation
Relaxin - Allows confirmation of pregnancy 28 post mating in the bitch, 30 in the queen

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18
Q

What prostate dieases are more common in the neutered v intact male

A

BPH - intact, predisposes to cysts/ abscess/ infection

Neoplasia - castrated

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19
Q

Where does the prostate drain?

A

Ileac LN

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20
Q

Outline hormones in the male during puberty

A

Increase in testosterone from leydig cells in testes
Due to GnRH in pituitary
Mostly 5DTH that stimulates the prostate

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ejaculate?

A
  1. Clear, acidid, flushes cellular debris and urine from urethra, <1ml
  2. Sperm
  3. Prostatic again to flush sperm through cerivx. 5-35ml
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22
Q

Where does prostatic neoplasia often track to?

A

Local area

Distant = lungs and vertebrae

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23
Q

What is BPH?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Uniform enlargement of prostate
Cell # and size increases
Symmetrical
>50% > 5yr
>95% >9 yr
24
Q

What is seen with BPH?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rarely see compression of the urethra unless other things going on
Non painful
Bloods NAD
Rads - symmetrically enlarged prostate
US - symmetrical, mildly heterogenous, smooth margins, +/- cysts
Wash - high RBCs, No WBCs, -ve culture

25
How do you assess a Tom's fertility?
General PE, can consider bloods too Assess size of testicles, can US them too to assess heterogenicty Assess for spines on the penis Can collect with artificial vagina but takes a lot of training, otherwise can do GA and electro-ejaculation
26
When can progestogens be used to suppress oestrus?
should be administered during anestrus approximately 1 month before the expected onset of the next estrous cycle. The first estrus after the use of proligestone can be expected in most bitches within 9 to 12 months but may take up to 2 to 3 years
27
What are the possible S/E of progestogens?
can result in clinical signs consistent with adrenocortical suppression (eg, alopecia, hair discoloration, thinning of the skin). also cause acromegalic like symptoms, including hypertrophy of skin and other soft tissues and overgrowth of some bone and cartilage, occurring in response to progesterone-induced hypersecretion of growth hormone by mammary tissue as well as the pituitary, and resulting in increased serum concentrations of insulin like growth factor Elevations in serum progesterone can also cause diabetic insulin resistance, acting either directly or via increased growth hormone production Can lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia Neoplastic transformation of mammary cells
28
What are the s/e of using andorgens to prevent oestrus in the bitch?
The most common side effects reported are clitoral hypertrophy and vaginitis.Other side effects include increased body odor, urinary incontinence and spraying, mounting behavior, cervical dermis thickening, and epiphora. contraindicated for use in Bedlington terriers because of an increased risk of hepatic dysfunction and in patients with androgen-responsive neoplasias.
29
How would deslorelin work in females?
GnRH receptor agonist | Stimulates oestrus in 7-14 days, then anoestrus for up to 23 months
30
How long after the LH surge can you evaluate for pregnancy with US?
Easy by 30 days | Can sometimes be seen by 20 days
31
What blood tests can be run to assess for pregnancy?
relaxin can be used in bitches to determine pregnancy status as early as 20 days post-LH surge (only specific pregnancy-associated protein identified in the dog) In queens, elevated progesterone levels indicate that ovulation has occurred and thus are suggestive that mating has taken place but cannot be used for definitive diagnosis of pregnancy.
32
When can prostaglandins be given to treat mismating?
Induce luteolysis - the CL is more resistant to this earlier in the gestation so really has to be after 30d Needs multiple doses
33
What is the gestational age of puppies and kittens
65 days +/- 2 days following the LH surge Lots of organ development in the last few days If they are late by 2 days, their nutritional needs outweigh what can be provided by the placenta and they die Can be 58-72 days post breeding
34
How can radiography be used to assess litters?
Lateral should be enough Needs to be done days 57–65 to ensure mineralization is complete and reduce the chances that fetuses will be missed Use mineralisation of different structures to assess age Suggestive of abortion if bones of the skull begin to override each other or become otherwise deformed, if there is gas accumulation within the uterus or in or around the fetus (within the blood vessels, heart, body cavities), or if there is abnormal flexion of the fetus (balling) or hyperextension of the hind limbs
35
How can ultrasound be used to assess the foetus?
estimate gestational age through the use of gestational sac and/or fetal measurements and through evaluation of the progression of organ development. It may also be used to ascertain fetal viability and to determine if fetal stress is present heartbeat is first visible at 23 to 26 days of gestation in the bitch, 16-17d in the cat
36
How do you assesss foetel distress?
HR - should be approx 200-220
37
What tests can be run to assess an 'infertile' bitch?
Bloods including ACTH stim and TSH T4 if necessary Serum P to assess stage of cycle, allows you to see if has ovulated in last couple of months GnRH to assess if there is ovarian tissue present US or Rads Vaginal cytology Vaginoscopy
38
What can cause a failure to cycle?
(Normally 4-12m) Immaturity/ intersex/ ovarian aplasia/ stress/ systemic illness/ endocrine disease Silent heats (common greyhounds) Luteal cysts Senile or immune mediated ovarian failure Ovarectomy Over exercise/ poor nutrition
39
What should you do if a bitch less than 2 years old is presented for failure to cycle?
Check for signs of intersex/ systemic disease/ poor nutrition/ over exercise Wait and observe Consider serial progesterone/ vaginal cytology to r/o recent ovulation and cycling
40
What should you do if a bitch older than 2 years old is presented for failure to cycle?
``` Serum P Vaginal Cytology twice weekly Can house with other cycling bitches to stimulate GnRH stimulation test U/S to assess for cysts May need Sx to assess Karyotype if intersex suspected ```
41
How can you treat failure to cycle
Depends on underlying issue Tx concurrent issues If NAD trial cabergoline or deslorelin to try to induce oestrus If luteal cyst - Sx or trial PG
42
What can cause failure to conceive
Normaly miss timed/ mismanagement Infertile male Obstruction (segmental aplasia/ stenosis/ polyp/ tumour/ infection)
43
How does P change during ovulation
``` See first increase in P at the LH surge Ovulation occurs 2 days after this If no ovulation occurs after LH surge, P doesn't stay high. Can then get a split heat Second heat likely to be normal Can trial GnRH for tx of anovulation ```
44
How do you assess of obstruction
Would need to be bilateral to cause infertility Needs endoscopy lower tract, Often sx to assess higher up
45
What can cause a prolonged inter oestrus cycle?
``` Ovarian failure Luteal cyst (secretes P) P secreting tuour (granulosa cell) Follicular cyst causing prolonged oestrus Vaginitis ```
46
How do you Ix a prolonged interoestrus cycle?
P to assess ovulation/ identify prolonged P dominance Vaginal cytology to check for persistent oestrus v vaginitis US for cysts/ tumours
47
What may cause a failure to mate?
Not in oestrus (check P/ cytology) Submissive male and dominant bitch (try different dog/ make sure on his ground) Physical defects )hip pain/ vaginal strictures)
48
WHat can cause a failure to concieve?
``` Miss timing/ anovulation/ physical obstruction Endometritis/ CEH Embryonic defects/ inbreeding Infections (herpes/ brucellosis) Hypoluteodism (p insufficiency) ```
49
How do you Ix failure to concieve?
US for CEH/ resorption Bacteriology/ serology if suspicious of infection Check mamanagement and instigate serial P to time bitch, confirm ovulation and luteal sufficiency
50
What can cause pregnancy loss
``` resorption v abortion v mummification Foetal defects Abnormal uterine environment Overcrowding or placental insufficiency Infection Maternal systemic illness or trauma ```
51
How do you Ix pregnancy loss
PM and foetal culture Serology for brucella If maternal cause Ix bitch
52
What tests can be done to ix an infertile male?
Semen collection and evalution and evaluation of prostatic fluid GnRH stim test to assess for testicular tissue US of testes and prostate Radiography - tubular tract/ ortho disease Biopsy
53
What can cause a failure to mate?
``` Libido (endocrine) Environment issues (conditioning/ previous experiences/ olfactory senses/ dominance/ environment) Defects - ortho disease, defects of the penis/ prepuce/ relative anatomy ```
54
How do you evaluate sperm?
``` Motility - immediately on warm slide Number - need >100 million live Morphology Culture ALP levels - low suggests a blockage as ALP is made in the epididymis ```
55
What are the main diseases that cause inferility in the male?
``` Prosatitis Immune mediated orchitis Primary testicular failure Tumour Most dogs that become infertile stay that way! ```

SAM Module B Urinary system (13 decks)

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