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BIOL 309 > Fertilization (1) > Flashcards

Fertilization (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek do?

A
  • invented the first microscope

- discovered animalcules (sperm) and hypothesized that they were involved in reproduction

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2
Q

What idea was opposing ‘sperm’?

A
  • ovist theory
  • within the egg there is a tiny complete person
  • some sort of energy transfer from males to females makes the eggs grow
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3
Q

After sperm were discovered, what properties/details were then found?

A
  • sperm were traced back to the testes
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4
Q

What is the preformationist theory? And what theory opposes it?

A
  • that there is a homunculus or small man within the head of the sperm
  • the epigenesis theory opposes this: embryo formed “from scratch” in a step wise manner
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5
Q

What experiment did Leewenhoek do to provide evidence that sperm are involved in reproduction? What type of experiment is this?

A
  • first, put eggs and a male frogs together and produced offspring
  • next, put male frogs with pants on with eggs and produced no offspring
  • loss of function experiment
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6
Q

What is Occam’s razor?

A
  • using the simplest method or simplest explanation
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7
Q

What is the scientific process?

A
  • observation: question/problem
  • hypothesis
  • experimentation
  • understanding mechanism
  • repeat
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8
Q

What are the types of data?

A
  • correlative
  • loss of function
  • gain of function
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9
Q

What is an assay?

A
  • an analysis/experimental procedure that generates a specific response/read-out
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10
Q

What is an example of an assay?

A
  • over-the-counter pregnancy test kit
  • the assay is the immunodetection of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin which is elevated in pregnant women)
  • urine is what’s being assayed
  • indicated by a blue line
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11
Q

What is the “technical” key to successfully carrying out one’s research?

A
  • a great assay

- the best assays are simple, often providing a yes or no outcome

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12
Q

Does the blue band prove pregnancy?

A
  • no
  • the only thing the test strip says is that something in the urine is causing an immunochemical reaction to create the blue line
  • this can only “suggest” that the person is pregnant
  • there are alternative explanations or caveats
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13
Q

What are some alternative explanations to a negative pregnancy test?

A
  • not peeing on the stick
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14
Q

What is a control that can be used for pregnancy assays?

A
  • a control band that appears when the strip is wetted

- this is a positive control

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15
Q

What are controls?What types of controls are there?

A
  • measures put in place in an experiment to demonstrate the veracity of your data
  • positive and negative
  • a good experiment will have both
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16
Q

What experiment did Spallanzani do after the pants experiment?

A
  • he diluted the semen (and made the assumption that there was no sperm) and added eggs
  • he got tadpoles
  • this caused the ovist preformation theory to regain favor
17
Q

What did Fol and Hertwig do? What did this do?

A
  • observed sperm-egg interaction in echinoderms (correlative data)
  • Hermann Fol: starfish
  • Oscar Hertwig: sea urchin
  • ended the preformationist theory
  • power of correlative data
18
Q

What is the model organism Strongylcentrus purpuratus?

A
  • sea urchin
  • closer to vertebrates than other invertebrates like arthropods
  • basal deuterostomes provides an out-group for the chordates and thus insights into vertebrate evolution
  • majority of genes have vertebrate orthologues
19
Q

What are some general reasons for choosing a model organism?

A
  • similarity to humans (in this course developmentally)

- practical reasons: easy to acquire and raise

20
Q

What are the three sections of the sperm?

A
  • head
  • mid piece
  • tail
21
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A
  • acrosome (outer layer)
  • plasma membrane
  • nucleus
22
Q

What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?

A
  • “motor”
  • centriole (microtubule organizing centre) (near head)
  • mitochondria (along the outer edge)
23
Q

What does the tail of the sperm contain?

A
  • terminal disc (where midpiece and tail meet)

- axial filament (aka axoneme)

24
Q

What is the basic structure of flagella and cilia?

A
  • there is a basal body that is structurally identical to centriole
  • there are 9 outer microtubule doublets and two central microtubules
  • mt’s tethered to dynein
25
Q

What generates the driving force of sperm?

A
  • dynein ATPase generates the force driving flagellar motility
26
Q

How do flagellum vs cilia move?

A
  • flagellum: have a small part of tail that is a passive part in motion (does not move), rest moves in propeller like motion
  • cilia: entire cilia moves in back and forth beating motion
27
Q

What are cilia useful for in the body?

A
  • transport mucus by stationary ciliated cells in the trachea
  • photoreceptors (non-motile)
28
Q

What is Kartagener syndrome?

A
  • human syndrome caused by immotile cilia

- subjects had immotile sperm and no mucociliary transport (so had frequent brochitis and sinusitis)

29
Q

What is the cause of Kartagener syndrome?

A
  • electron microscopy indicated that cilia from cells of these patients lack dynein arms
  • using a “forwards genetics” approach found that mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskensia and randomization of left-right asymmetry
30
Q

What is Kartagener syndrome also known as?

A
  • primary ciliary dyskinesia
31
Q

What is DNAH5?

A
  • dynein heavy chain 5

- 79 exons

32
Q

What mutations were found in DNAH5?

A
  • 10 mutations were identified in 8 families
  • many resulted in “nonsense” mutations
  • slide 58?
33
Q

How does the sperm find the egg? How was this study conducted?

A
  • could be chemoattractant
  • applied one nanolitre of purified sea urchin egg jelly extract to dish containing sperm
  • sperm surrounded the jelly increasing with time

BIOL 309 (14 decks)

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