Fetal Brain And Spine Anatomy And Pathology

Question 1

What are two hemispheres divided by interhemispheric fissure?

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

What is a double fold of dura mater that separates the 2 hemispheres?

Answer 2

Falx cerebri

Question 3

What is the box shaped midline structure seen between frontal horns of lateral ventricles?

Answer 3

Cavum septum pellucidum

Question 4

What is the bridge between 2 hemispheres that provide communication between the 2 sides?

Answer 4

Corpus callosum

Question 5

What 2 lobes are located on both sides of the falx cerebri?

Answer 5

Thalamus

Question 6

What produces CSF?

Answer 6

Choroid plexus

Question 7

CSF flows to 3rd ventricle via?

Answer 7

Foramen of monro

Question 8

How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?

Answer 8

Through the aqueduct of sylvius

Question 9

2 lobes that are joined by cerebellar vermis forming a dumbbell shape?

Answer 9

Cerebellum

Question 10

Normal measurement of the nuchal thickness fold?

Answer 10

<6mm

Question 11

What is the ratio of BPD/OFD called?

Answer 11

Cephalic index

Question 12

What is enlargement of ventricles?

Answer 12

Ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus

Question 13

What is it when cerebral tissue is replaced by fluid?

Answer 13

Hydranencephaly

Question 14

What is varying degrees of absence of midline and fusion of non-midline brain structures?

Answer 14

Holoprosencephaly

Question 15

What are the 3 types of holoprosencephaly?

Answer 15

Lobar - minimal fusion, absent CSP/CC and used frontal horns

Semi lobar - partial fusion of LV and thalami, absent CSP/CC

Alobar - most severe, fusion of non midline structures and absent midline structures

Question 16

What is the absence or defect of the cerebellar vermis causing the 4th ventricle to dilate and the cisterna magna to enlarge?

Answer 16

Dandy walker malformation

Question 17

What is an arteriovenous malformation of the brain?

Answer 17

Vein of Galen aneurysm

Question 18

Fluid filled clefts within the cerebrum?

Answer 18

Schizencephaly

Question 19

Cysts that communicate with the ventricular system caused by hemorrhage, ischemia, or vascular occlusion?

Answer 19

Porencephaly

Question 20

No sulci/gyri within the cortex, “smooth brain”?

Answer 20

Lissencephaly

Question 21

What is the most common intracranial tumor?

Answer 21

Teratoma

Question 22

What is the most common brain abnormality?

Answer 22

Ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus

Question 23

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus?

Answer 23

Aqueductal stenosis

Question 24

What are the most common neural tube defects?

Answer 24

Anencephaly and spina bifida

Question 25

What is the absence of the cranial vault above the orbits, without cranium?

Answer 25

Acrania

Question 26

Type of acrania with no cerebral hemispheres, “frog like” bulging eyes?

Answer 26

Anencephaly

Question 27

Type of acrania with normal amount of brain tissue but no skull, misshapen head?

Answer 27

Exencephaly

Question 28

What is it when the neural tube fails to close and there is a gap between the vertebrae/splaying of the vertebral laminae?

Answer 28

Spina bifida

Question 29

What are the 2 types of spina bifida?

Answer 29

Occulta (closed) - covered by skin, no herniating of spinal cord outside of body, defect in vertebrae only Aperta (open) - most common, not covered by skin, herniation of spinal contents outside of body

Question 30

What are the 2 types of spina bifida aperta (open)?

Answer 30

Meningoceles - contains meninges only Myelomeningocele - most common, contains meninges and nerve roots

Question 31

What is it when the presence of open spina bifida pulls down on spinal contents causing cranial malformations?

Answer 31

Arnold chiari malformation

Question 32

What is the herniation of intracranial contents through an opening in the skull?

Answer 32

Cephaloceles/encephalocele

Question 33

What is the hyper extension of neck “star-gazer” closed neural tube defect?

Answer 33

Iniencephaly