Fetal Development

Question 1

Babies with Fetal Growth Restriction are more likely to suffer

Answer 1

1. Intrauterine Hypoxia/Asphyxia
2. Stillborn
3. Hypoxic Encephalopathy
4. Neonatal multi-organ failure
5. Hypothermia
6. Hypoglycemia
7. Infection
8. Cerebral Palsy
9. Enterocolitis

Question 2

Low birthweight infants are more likely to develop

Answer 2

Hypertension
CVS diseases
Diabetes

Question 3

Fetal Determinants of Fetal Birthweight

Answer 3

Genetic: chromosomal defects (c.13 Pateaus sign) (c.18 Edwards Syndrome) Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

Example sentence: Trisomy 21 is also known as Down Syndrome.

Question 4

Placental Determinants of fetal birthweight

Answer 4

Placental infarction (due to chronic hypertension)
Premature Separation

Question 5

Maternal Determinants of Fetal Birthweight

Answer 5

Physiological: (age, weight, parity, ethnicity)
Behavioural (smoke, alcohol, drugs)
Pathological (Chronic hypertension, Cardiac diseases, Cystic fibrosis)

Question 6

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta

Answer 6

Umbilical Vein

Question 7

Connection between Umbilical Vein and Inferior Vena Cava

Answer 7

Ductus Venosus

Question 8

Passage through which blood passes from right atrium to left atrium

Answer 8

Foramen Ovale

Question 9

How blood flows through foramen ovale

Answer 9

Blood passes from IVC into RA , into RV then to pulmunary artery to lungs.
Alveoli in lungs are filled with fluid and put pressure on arterioles causing vasoconstriction.
Vasoconstriction= Increased Resistance in lungs which leads to increased pressure in pulmonary artery => increased pressure in RV => Increased Pressure in RA => forces blood through foramen ovale

Question 10

Passage between Pulmonary artery and Aorta

Answer 10

Ductus Arteriosus

Question 11

How blood flows from fetal heart to placenta

Answer 11

Blood from LA => LV => Aorta => Iliac Arteries => Umbilical Artery => Placenta

Question 12

Lungs appear @

Answer 12

3-4 wks

Question 13

Epitheleal tubes and vascular formation in lungs appear @

Answer 13

4-7 wks

Question 14

Airway tree + vascularity well developed in lungs @

Answer 14

20wks

Question 15

Surfactant production begins

Answer 15

30 wks

Question 16

Alveolar formation, surfactant formation, dilation of areas related to gas exchange

Answer 16

30 wks - term

Question 17

Closure of foramen ovale due to

Answer 17

Increase pressure in left atrium

Question 18

Function of surfactant in lungs

Answer 18

Prevents collapse of lungs

Question 19

Components of Lung Surfactant

Answer 19

80% Lecithin
20% Protein

Question 20

Premature Delivery before proper maturation of surfactant

Answer 20

respiratory Distress syndrome

Question 21

Symptoms of Resp Distress Syndrome

Answer 21

Tachypnea
Cyanosis

Question 22

Complications of Resp Distress Syndrome

Answer 22

Hypoxia
Asphyxia
Enterocolitis
Intraventricular Haemorage

Question 23

Causes of Resp. Failure @ Birth

Answer 23

Resp. Distress Syndrome
Oligohydraminos
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Decreased Intrathoracic Space
Chest Wall Deformities

Question 24

Primitive Gut is formed @

Answer 24

4 wks

Question 25

Increase in Liver size, elongation of intestines, midgut herniates into umbilical cord @

Answer 25

5-6 wks

Question 26

Midgut reenters abdominal cavity

Answer 26

12 wks

Question 27

Failure of midgut to reenter abdominal cavity

Answer 27

omphalocele

Question 28

Obstruction preventing fetus from swallowing amniotic fluid leads to

Answer 28

Polyhydraminos

Question 29

Malrotation of gut leads to

Answer 29

Atresia or fistulas

Question 30

Peristalsis begins @

Answer 30

2nd Trimester

Question 31

Meconium released in utero may lead to

Answer 31

post term pregnancy fetal hypoxia

Question 32

Aspiration of Meconium may cause

Answer 32

Resp. Distress Syndrome Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Question 33

Lymphocytes appear from

Answer 33

8wks

Question 34

All phagocytic cells appear at

Answer 34

2nd Trimester

Question 35

Why do some preterm infants get hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 35

Liver is deficient in conjucating enzymes. In utero, placenta deals with unconjucated bilirubin. Preterm baby= no placenta and liver deficient in conjucating enzymes => hyperbilirubinemia

Question 36

Growth Restricted Fetus and Premature babies are prone to neonatal hypoglycemia because

Answer 36

Less glycogen stores

Question 37

Amnion meets inner surface of chorion, adhere but dont fuse

Answer 37

12 wks

Question 38

Function of Amniotic Fluid

Answer 38

Protects Fetus Allows movement of fetus Prevents adhesion of fetus to amnion Permits fetal lung development

Question 39

Oligohydraminos caused by

Answer 39

renal agenisis cystic kidney Growth restricted fetus

Question 40

Polyhydraminos caused by

Answer 40

Anacephaly Esophageal/Duedonal Atresia

Question 41

Cause of neonatal hypoglycemia

Answer 41

Less glycogen stores ## Footnote Example sentence: Infants born to mothers with poorly controlled diabetes may be at risk for neonatal hypoglycemia.

Question 42

Amnion and chorion relationship at 12 weeks

Answer 42

Amnion meets inner surface of chorion, adhere but don't fuse ## Footnote Example sentence: The amnion and chorion form important protective layers around the developing fetus.

Question 43

Function of Amniotic Fluid

Answer 43

Protects Fetus Allows movement of fetus Prevents adhesion of fetus to amnion Permits fetal lung development ## Footnote Additional information: Amniotic fluid also helps maintain a stable temperature for the fetus.

Question 44

Causes of Oligohydramnios

Answer 44

Renal agenesis cystic kidney Growth restricted fetus ## Footnote Additional information: Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk of fetal complications.

Question 45

Causes of Polyhydramnios

Answer 45

Anacephaly Esophageal/Duodenal Atresia ## Footnote Example sentence: Polyhydramnios may indicate a structural abnormality in the fetus.