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Chapters 25-29 > Fetal Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Fetal Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The fetal kidneys develop within the pelvis and ascend into their normal position by:

A

9 weeks

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2
Q

By week ____ fully functional kidneys exist.

A

10

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3
Q

If kidneys fail to ascend into the normal position, they are most often located :

A

within the pelvis

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4
Q

Most common renal anomaly is the :

A

duplex collecting system

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5
Q

The kidneys can be sonographically identified as early as :

A

11-12 weeks

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6
Q

The gonads develop in the _______

A

upper fetal abdomen and descend into the pelvis

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7
Q

The testicles move down into the scrotum during ____ month of gestation.

A

7th

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8
Q

The fetal bladder can be seen as early as:

A

12 but should always be seen by 15 weeks

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9
Q

The urinary bladder normally fills and empties once every :

A

30 - 45 mins

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10
Q

VACTERL stands for:

A

vertebral, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, limb anomalies

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11
Q

Patients are considered to have VACTERL association if:

A

3 organs systems involved have abnormalities

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12
Q

Renal abnormalities are the most frequent cause of :

A

oligohydramnios

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13
Q

Urine comprises the greater part of the amniotic fluid after:

A

14 weeks

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14
Q

failure of a kidney to form:

A

renal agenesis

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15
Q

Sonographic finding when the kidney is absent in the abdomen, the adrenal gland can be noted in a parallel flattened position, sonographically known as:

A

“lying down” adrenal sign

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16
Q

When there is an absence of the kidney, and you place color doppler over the renal artery branches of the aorta there will be:

A

no identifiable renal artery branches

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17
Q

Bilateral renal agenesis, aka:

A

potter’s syndrome

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18
Q

Non-visualization of the urinary bladder and kidneys, with oligohydramnios, are considered a consistent finding with:

A

bilateral renal agenesis

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19
Q

Before making the conclusion of unilateral renal agenesis, the sonogrpaher should always analyze the:

A

fetal pelvis for a pelvidc kidney

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20
Q

In presence of unilateral renal agenesis, the contralateral kidney will :

A

enlarge, a condition known as compensatory hypertrophy

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21
Q

In order for an autosomal recessive disease to be passed to the fetus,

A

both parents must be carriers of the disease.

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22
Q

In the case of autosomal dominant disease how many parents must be the carrier(s) of the disease with the gene being dominant, in order to pass it to the fetus:

A

one

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23
Q

The typical sonographic findings of a fetus affected by ARPKD:

A

bilateral enlarged, echogenic kidneys, non detectable urinary bladder, and oligohydramnios

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24
Q

Condition associated with ARPKD which is a fatal disorder that is associated with renal cystic disease, occipital cephalocele, and polydactyly

A

meckel gruber syndrome

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25
Q

Fetuses with trisomy ____ and trisomy ____ may also have polycystic kidney disease.

A

13, 18

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26
Q

Cysts with ARPKD are:

A

microscopic

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27
Q

Cysts are not identifiable in ARPKD but are evident in:

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney

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28
Q

Sonographic appearance of fetal kidneys with ADPKD:

A

enlarged echogenic kidneys

29
Q

Distinguising difference between ARPKD and ADPKD

A

Urinary bladder is often present and there is normal amniotic fluid with ADPKD

30
Q

ADPKD does not typically manifest until:

A

5th decade of life

31
Q

MCDK disease is thought to be caused by an early, First trimester:

A

obstruction of the ureter

32
Q

Sonographic findings of MCDK is :

A

identification of unilateral or bilateral multiple, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes in the area of the renal fossa

33
Q

There is no normal functioning ______ present in the kidney affected by MCDK

A

renal tissue

34
Q

Most cases of MCDK are ______

A

unilateral

fatal if bilateral

35
Q

A _______ or a severe _____ _________ early in gestation can lead to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which oligohydramnios will be present.

A

ureterocele, or severe bladder outlet obstruction

36
Q

Unilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia is most often caused by a:

A

pelviureteral junction or vesicoureteral junction obstruction

37
Q

An obstruction of the fetal urinary tranct can lead to :

A

distension of the bladder, ureters, and renal collecting system

38
Q

If there is an obstruction at the region where the ureter meets the bladder, ten structures where will be dilated?

A

proximal to the obstruction

39
Q

Most common fetal abnormality noted during obstetric sonogram:

A

hydronephrosis

40
Q

Enlargement of the bladder is called:

A

megacystis

41
Q

Dilation of the ureter may be referred to as:

A

megaureter or hydroureter

42
Q

Dilation of the renal pelvis is termed:

A

pelviectasis

43
Q

Measurement of the renal pelvis is made in the AP plane and should not exceed:

A

7 mm before 20 weeks

10 mm after 20 weeks

44
Q

Three most common areas where obstruction occurs

A

ureteropelvic junction, ureterovesicular junction, and the urethra

45
Q

Most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction :

A

UPJ obstruction

46
Q

UPJ obstruction is usually :

A

unilateral and more common in males

47
Q

Sonographic appearance of UPJ obstruction:

A

dilation of the renal pelvis and renal calices

48
Q

Situation in which there is a blockage of the flow of urine out of the urinary bladder:

A

bladder outlet obstruction

49
Q

The _______ sign is seen when there is dilation of the urinary bladder and posterior urethra.

A

keyhole

50
Q

Describes the result of the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the enlarged bladder. (Typically caused by megacystis, a massively dilated urinary bladder):

A

Prune Belly syndrome

51
Q

The triad for Prune Belly syndrome:

A

absent abdominal musculature, undescended testis, and urinary tract abnormalities

52
Q

Renal collecting system and ureter will be dilated with:

A

UVJ obstruction

53
Q

When UVJ is bilateral amniotic fluid will appear as

A

oligohydramnios

54
Q

Anomaly where the bladder is located outside of the pelvis:

A

bladder exstrophy

55
Q

The sonographic finding of bladder exstrophy :

A

lower abdominal wall mass inferior to the umbilicus

56
Q

Embryonic structure that develops into the rectum and urogenital sinus :

A

cloaca

57
Q

With cloacal exstrophy, AKA OEIS complex there is:

A

omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida

58
Q

With cloacal exstrophy both _____ and _____ are located outside of the lower abdominal wall.

A

bladder and distal colon

59
Q

Most common solid fetal renal mass is the :

A

mesoblastic nephroma/ hamartoma

60
Q

Mesoblastic nephroma/ hamartoma will typically appear as:

A

solid, homogeneous mass within the renal fossa and may completely replace the kidney

61
Q

The sex of the embryo depends upon the :

A

male gamete

62
Q

XX is :

A

female offspring

63
Q

XY is:

A

male offspring

64
Q

Birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined:

A

ambiguous genitalia

65
Q

Findings of abnormal genitalia in the male are:

A

hydroceles, micropenis, hypospadias, and undescended testicles

66
Q

Abnormal ventral curvature of the penis as a result of a shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft:

A

hypospadias

67
Q

Most common female finding of abnormal genitalia :

A

clitoromegaly

68
Q

Most common malignant abdominal mass and primary location in neonates is the:

A

neuroblastoma, located primarily within the adrenal gland

69
Q

Adrenal glands may _______ within the fetus, resembling a mass.

A

spontaneously hemorrhage

Chapters 25-29 (6 decks)

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