FFM-2 Mini 2 Flashcards by Jennifer Dickinson

1) Selective B1 blocker with cardioselectivity
2) Given orally or IV
3) Partial crossing of BBB
4) Used in patients with COPD/asthma as no bronchoconstriction observed
5) Preferentially blocks B1 but at high enough dose, will begin to block B2
6) Used to treat angina, HTN

Metoprolol

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1) Reversible anticholinesterase
2) Protect ACh from degradation from AChE
3) Crosses BBB
4) Treatment of glaucoma
5) Antidote to atropine
6) Treats paralytic bladder/ileus

Physistigmine

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1) Persistent activation of nicotinic receptors
2) Used to relax skeletal muscle in surgery
3) Active within 1 min; lasts 30 minutes
4) Can cause hyperkalemia due to release of K+ into blood

Succynlcholine

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Feature of Traumatic Fat Necrosis

Focal areas of fat destruction resulting from repeated blunt force trauma
Usually seen in female breast tissue

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1) Reversible anticholinesterase
2) Acts more on CNA
3) Used in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Donepezil

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Iron salts

Deferoxamine

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Adrenal medulla

Neural Crest Cells

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Predominant Tone:
Iris

Parasympathetic - cholinergic

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Locations of a1 receptors

Radial muscle of eye
Arterioles of skin/viscera
Veins
Trigone/sphincter of bladder

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Cyanide
Treatment?

Nitrites
Thiosulfates

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Predominant Tone:
Heart

Parasympathetic - cholinergic

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1) Favors B2 over B1

Metaproterenol

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Define: Undoing

Erasing an unacceptable event in past by adoption of acceptable behavior in present or atonement/confession

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Internal genital ducts (minus lower vagina)

Intermediate mesoderm derivative

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Oxidizing agents
Treatment?

Methylene blue

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Muscarinic receptors:
M3

Smooth muscles

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1) Mixed a1, a2, B1, B2 receptor agonist
2) Indirectly will release NE from nerve endings
3) Can cause tachyphylaxis
4) Crosses BBB
5) Used as nasal decongestant and CNS stimulant
6) Used to treat bronchial asthma and nasal congestion

Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine

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Explain: Restriction

Restriction of participants to ONLY certain criteria

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Blood vessels

Lateral mesoderm Splanchnic layer derivative

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Feature of Coagulative Necrosis

Necrosis with cellular preservation of outlines and tissue

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Inhibits choline reuptake into cell

Hemicholinium

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1) Selective B3 receptor agonist
2) Used to relax detrusor muscle in bladder
3) Used in treatment of overactive bladder

Mirabegron

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1) Selective a2 blocker
2) Competitive inhibition
3) Used primarily as sexual stimulant
4) Not used clinically

Yohimbine

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Define: Acting out

Avoiding personally unacceptable feeling by behaving in attention-getting manner; usually social inappropriate manner

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1) Nonselective B1/B2 blockers 2) Full blocking effect seen 3) Reduces production of aqueous humor in eye 4) Used in treatment of glaucoma (open-angle)

Timolol

Tanner Stages: Stage III Males: Females:

Males: Increase penis size with testicular enlargement M/F: Dark, coarser, more curly hair Females: Enlargement of areola and breast

Antagonist for Nn receptors

Tubocurarine Curare derivatives

Smooth muscle

Lateral mesoderm Splanchnic layer derivative

Define: Denial

Not believing personally intolerable facts about reality

1) Direct action on cholinergic receptors 2) Able to cross BBB 3) Stimulates ONLY Nm 4) Used for emergency use in increased IOT (glaucoma)

Pilocarpine

1) Competative agonist at nicotinic receptors 2) Block affects of ACh without cellular depolarization 3) Used to relax skeletal muscles in surgery 4) Can cause respiratory paralysis at high enough doses

Pancuronium

Cyanide Treatment?

Hydroxycobalamin

Schwanns cells Satellite cells

Neural Crest Cells

Parotid gland

Surface ectoderm derivative

Predominant Tone: GIT

Parasympathetic - cholinergic

1) Reverisible anticholinesterase 2) Long acting on AChE 3) Used in management of chronic MG 4) Usually lasts around 3-6 hours

Pyridostigmine

Explain: Matching

Pairing of individuals during sampling Controls and close-match cases

Urinary bladder/urethra

Endoderm cell derivative

1) Blocks uptake of NE into synaptic terminal 2) Enhances NE sympathetic activity 3) Used as CNS stimulant

Cocaine

1) Used to block reflex changes in HR due to increased/decreased BP 2) Does NOT block reflex if direct acted upon 3) Rarely used in drug therapy

Trimethaphan

Postganglionic autonomic cells

Neural Crest Cells

1) Direct action on cholinergic receptors 2) Affects Nm more than Nn 3) Not therapeutically used 4) Used to dx bronchial hyperactivity/asthma

Methacholine

Define: Projective Identification

Pressuring others to feel your feelings

GI glands

Endoderm cell derivative

Notochord/Nucleus pulposus

Mesoderm derivative

Ways to control Confounding: Design phase (3)

1) Randomization 2) Restriction 3) Matching

Sensory organs of inner ear

Surface ectoderm derivative

Predominant Tone: Ciliary Muscles

Parasympathetic - cholinergic

1) Used to block reflex changes in HR due to increased/decreased BP 2) Does NOT block reflex if direct acted upon 3) Rarely used in drug therapy

Mecamylamine

1) Selective B1 receptor agonist; direct action 2) Increased force of contraction in heart (inotropic) with NO changes in chronotropic 3) Used in treatment of CHF/MI with failure 4) Can increase CO without need to increased O2 requirements for heart 5) Used for cardiogenic shock

Dobutamine

Predominant Tone: Salivary glands

Predominant Tone: Cholinergic

1) Selective a2 receptor agonist; direct action 2) Decreases outflow of ACh to periphery 3) Lowers BP, withdrawal effects from drugs 4) Used to treat open-angle glaucoma 5) Causes drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, Xerostomia/constipation

Clonidone/Apraclonidine

Ways to control Confounding: Analysis phase (3)

1) Standardization 2) Stratified analysis 3) Multivariant Analysis

Iron Chelator?

Deferoxamine Deferasirox

1) Reversible anticholinesterase 2) Short action to protect ACh from AChE (10-20 minutes) 3) Used to Dx Myasthenia Gravis

Edrophium

Locations of Muscarinic receptors: M3

GIT smooth muscle Gq = increase IP3, DAG, Ca2+

Increase release of ACh into synapse

Latrotoxin (spider venom)

Define: Transference

Patient unconsiously deposits feelings/attitudes from past relationships/situations to present Patient to provider

1) Similar to atropine 2) Used to treat motion sickness

Scopolamine

Odontoblasts/dentin

Neural Crest Cells

Irritant Gases Treatment?

Humidified O2 Bronchodilators

Beta blockers Treatment?

Glucagon

Feature of Liquefactive Necrosis

Necrosis with loss of cellular outline AND tissue architecture Seen in brain

Define: Somatization

Turning unacceptable impulse/feeling into physical symptom

CO Treatment?

100% O2

Define: Isolation of affect

Failing to experience feeling associated with stressful life event; logical understand SIGNIFICANCE of event

Dermis

Lateral mesoderm Somatic layer derivative

Lead/Mercury Chelator?

Succimer DSMA

Feature of Gangrenous Necrosis

Structureless tissue debris with no cellular outlines Neutrophils (PMN's)

Benzodiazapine Treatment?

Flumazenil

Explain: Multivariant analysis (MANOVA)

Allows for adjustment of many variables at the same time to be analyzed

1) Cholinergic drug 2) Rapidly degraded by AChE within seconds 3) Will not cross BBB 4) Affects M3 receptors in various areas 5) Affects on M3 receptors yields contraction

Acetylcholine

Hydrogen sulfide Treatment?

Nitrite

Lead Chelator?

EDTA

Prostrate/bulbourethral glands

Endoderm cell derivative

1) Selective B1 blocker with cardioselectivity 2) Partial crossing of BBB 3) Used in patients with COPD/asthma as no bronchoconstriction observed 4) Preferentially blocks B1 but at high enough dose, will begin to block B2 5) Used to treat angina, HTN

Atenolol

Calculation of osmolar gap

(2*[Na]) + ([Glucose]/18) + ([BUN]/3)

Gonads

Intermediate mesoderm derivative

Locations of Muscarinic receptors: M2

Heart Gi; decrease cAMP

Tanner Stages: Stage V Males: Females:

Males: Adult size/shape of penis M/F: Hair spread to medial surfaces of thighs Females: Recession of areola to contours of breast; projection of papilla

1) Nonselective for a1, a2, B1 receptors; direct action 2) REFLEX bradycardia seen 3) Will increase BP and TPR 4) No change in pulse pressure noted 5) Used to treat vasodilatory shock; cardiogenic shock

Norepinephrine

1) REACTIVATOR of AChE 2) Will bind to anionic site of AChE 3) If given within 24 hrs, will reactivate AChE

Pralidoxime

Define: Pyknosis

Nuclear shrinkage

Define: Reverse Transference

Doctors feeling toward patient in uncharacteristic manner Doctor to patient transference

Somatic motor nerves

Neuroectoderm derivative

Preganglionic autonomic nerves

Neuroectoderm derivative

1) Nonselective B1/B2 blockers 2) Can block a receptors as well 3) Vasodilation of peripheral = decreased overall BP 4) WILL NOT alter serum lipid/glucose levels 5) Used in HTN emergencies = no reflex tachycardia seen 6) C/I in asthmatics/COPD-ers and diabetics

Labetalol

D U M B B E L S S

Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bradycardia Bronchospasms Emesis Lacrimation Sweating Salivation

1) Directly acts on cholinergic receptors 2) Used predominantly in ocular solutions 3) Used to treat glaucoma

Carbachol

Greater vestibular glands

Endoderm cell derivative

Define: Dissociation

Separation of function of mental processes

Mivacurium

Tanner Stages: Stage IV Males: Females:

Males: Further enlargement of testicles; glans penis develops M/F: Adult hair type on smaller area Females: Projection of areola and papilla

1) Antiadrenergic drug with indirect action receptors 2) Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase 3) Used in treatment of pheochromocytoma 4) Adverse effects of orthostatic hypotension

Metyrosine

Acetaminophen Treatment?

NAC

Explain: Stratified analysis

Further dividing of participants into a more narrow criteria

Epidermis/Epidermal appendages

Surface ectoderm derivative

Brain/spinal cord

Neuroectoderm derivative

Rocuronium

Somatic sensory nerves

Neural Crest Cells

1) Mixed acting a1/a2 receptor agonist 2) Used as nasal decongestant 3) Causes SEVERE HTN

Phenylpropanolamine

1) Used to block reflex changes in HR due to increased/decreased BP 2) Does NOT block reflex if direct acted upon 3) Blocks bradycardia with use of phenylephrine 4) Rarely used in drug therapy

Hexamethonium

Some head/neck CT/dermis/bone

Neural Crest Cells

Antagonist for Nm

Hexamethonium Mecamylamine

Nuclear changes seen in Necrosis 1) 2) 3)

1) Karyolysis 2) Pyknosis 3) Karyorrhexis

Mushroom poisoning with muscarinic excess symptoms Treatment?

Atropine

Olfactory epithelium

Surface ectoderm derivative

Explain: Randomization

Equalizes proportions in treatment/control groups for many different characteristics

1) Selective a1 receptor blocker 2) HIGH FIRST PASS METABOLISM 3) Used as antiHTN; assist with urinary issues 4) Can cause orthostatic hypotension; HA/Dizziness 5) Cause sexual dysfunction and miosis

Prazosin Tamsulosin Terazosin Doxazosin

Normal range of Anion gap

12-16 mEq/L

Muscarinic receptors: M1

CNS/neurons

Mammary glands

Surface ectoderm derivative

Fluoride or Ca2+ blockers

Calcium

Limb bones

Lateral mesoderm Somatic layer derivative

Define: Regression

Appearance of childlike patterns of behavior during stressful situations

1) Nonselective for B1/B2 2) Partial blocking seen due to intrinsic sympathomimetic activity 3) Less bradycardia seen due to partial blockage 4) Minimal changes in plasma lipid concentration 5) Used in HTN with moderate bradycardia in DM

Pinodolol

Predominant Tone: Sweat Gland

Sympathetic - cholinergic

Define: Social learning

Learn through observation Bobo doll

Inhibits vesicular storage of ACh

Vesamicol

Dura mater

Mesoderm derivative

1) Releases large amounts of CE from nerve terminal 2) False NT - taken up as NT but converted into different agonist 3) Not used clinically 4) Found in fermented foods 5) Will precipitate "cheese reaction" if given with MAO-I's

Tyramine

1) Synthetic Alkaloid 2) Competative antagonist at muscarinic receptors 3) Fewer side effects than atropine 4) Used as a bronchodilator

Ipratronium

1) Direct action on cholinergic receptors 2) Reversed by use of atropine 3) DUMBBELSS

Muscarine

Retina

Neuroectoderm derivative

Thyroid follicle cells

Endoderm cell derivative

Thymus

Endoderm cell derivative

Define: Rationalization

Giving seemingly reasonable explanations for unacceptable/irrational feelings

Define: Reaction formation

Denying unacceptable feelings and adopting opposite attitudes

Predominant Tone: Veins

Sympathetic - adrenergic

Calculation of anion gap

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

1) Nonselective a1/a2 blocker; IRREVERSBLE 2) Prevents vasoconstriction; can cause reflex tachycardia 3) Used to block affects of CE release from pheochromocytoma tumor 4) Used to treat HTN, pheochromocytoma and Raynaud's Disease 5) C/I in patients with decreased coronary perfusion

Phenoxybenzamine

Define: Operant conditioning

Learn through reinforcement or punishment

Methanol/Ethylene glycol Treatment?

Ethanol Fomepizole

Tympanic cavity and auditory tube

Endoderm cell derivative

Define: Intellectualization

Using the mind's higher functions to avoid experiencing uncomfortable emotions

1) Blocks muscarinic receptors 2) Enters BBB 3) Blocks M3 receptors in eyes, GIT 4) Can enter CNS = cause hallucinations and disorientation 5) Used as preanesthetic; for bradycardia, and mydriasis/cycloplegia

Atropine

1) Irreversible anticholinesterase 2) Reacts with esoteric site of AChE 3) WIll undergo aging

Parathion

1) Derived from plant in SA 2) Competative agonist at nicotinic receptors 3) Block affects of ACh WITHOUT cell depolarization 4) Used to relax skeletal muscles in surgery 5) Respiratory paralysis if dose high enough

Tubocurarine

1) Nonselective a1, a2, B1, B2 receptor agonist 2) Will increase BP at high doses; can vasodepress at lower doses 3) Bronchodilation within lungs 4) Cause of hyperglycemia 5) Relaxation of smooth muscles in GIT; urinary retention 6) Cause of mydriasis 7) Used to treat bronchospasms/anaphylaxis; glaucoma; cardiac arrest

Epinephrine

Delirium from anticholinergic drugs Treatment?

Physostigmine

1) Long duration of action 2) Will decrease overall cardiac workload - decreasing O2 requirements for patient with angina 3) Blocks vasodilation - decrease BP 4) Causes bronchoconstriction in lungs 5) Blocks epinephrine-induced fasting hypoglycemia 6) Used with HTN, Angina, Hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma

Nadolol

Digoxin and related glycosides

Digoxin Abs

Tanner Stages: Stage II Males: Females:

Males: Testicular volume < 3mL; scrotal skin changes M/F: Sparse growth of pubic hair along labia/penis Females: Breast bud stage

Define: Classical conditioning

Learn through association Pavlov's dog

1) Alkaloid 2) Used to decrease bladder spasm/overactive bladder

Solifenacin

Narcotic drugs Treatment?

Naloxone

1) Irreversible anticholinesterase 2) Reacts with esoteric site of AChE 3) WIll undergo aging

Malathion

Kidney/ureters

Intermediate mesoderm derivative

1) Indirect action on receptors 2) Will increase release of NE, Dopamine, Serotonin 3) Affects seen in CNS primarily; can be seen in PNS as well 4) Used as CNS stimulant - will increase BP and HR 5) Used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy

Amphetamine

Nicotinic receptors: Nm

Seen at ALL NMJ

Neuroglial cells 1) Astrocytes 2) Oligodendrocytes 3) Ependymal cells

Neuroectoderm derivative

Carvedilol

Explain: Standardization

Comparison of rates among population with different underlying structures

1) Nonselective B receptor agonist; direct action 2) Increase HR and contractility 3) Will decrease TPR and BP 4) Does NOT cause hyperglycemia 5) Used for bronchodilation, heart blocks, and bradyarrythmias 6) C/I in ANY type of shock

Isoproterenol

Define: Splitting

Believing people/events are either bad/good because of intolerance of ambiguity

Skeletal muscles

Paraxial mesoderm derivative

Pia mater Arachnoid mater

Neural Crest Cells

1) a2 agonist 2) Not a true NT - is converted into different type of a2 agonist 3) Functions to decrease tone 4) Used to treat HTN in pregnant women

Methyldopa

Tanner Stages: Stage I Males: Females:

Males: testiculr volume < 3mL Females: No pubic hair; elevation of papilla only of breasts

Anal canal below pectinate line

Surface ectoderm derivative

1) Selective B2 receptor agonist; direct action 2) Used to relax uterine muscles in pregnant female patients (cessation of preterm labor)

Terbutaline/Ritrodine

Define: Projection

Attributing one's personally unacceptable feeling to others

Liver

Endoderm cell derivative

Somatic/Autonomic ganglia

Neural Crest Cells

Define: Karyorrhexis

Nuclear fragmentation

1) Reversible anticholinesterase 2) Related to neostigmine 3) Used to treat open-angle/closed-angle glaucoma

Demercaium

Organophosphate ChE inhibitors Treatment?

Pralidoxime 2-PAM

Anticholinesterase intoxication Treatment?

Atropine

1) Irreversible anticholinesterase 2) Impossible to reverse once aging occurs 3) Stimulation of cholinergic receptors - paralysis 4) Produces mitosis in eyes 5) Used to treat chronic open-angle glaucoma 6) Organophosphate

Echothiophate

Inhibit release of ACh from vesicles into synapse

Botulinum toxin

1) Nonselective for B1/B2 - selectivity for B1 2) Partial agonist for B receptors 3) Less bradycardia seen due to partial blockage 4) Minimal changes in plasma lipid concentration 5) Used in HTN with moderate bradycardia in DM

Acebutolol

Define: Displacement

Transferance of emotions from UNACCEPTABLE to ACCEPTABLE person/object

Pancreas

Endoderm cell derivative

1) Selective a2 blocker 2) Primarily used as antidepressant

Mirtazapine

Axial skeleton: 1) Ribs 2) Vertebrae 3) Skull (minus bones from neural crest)

Paraxial mesoderm derivative

1) Nonselective B1/B2 FULL blocker 2) Can cross BBB 3) Decreases most activity within heart (HR) 4) Decreases BP due to vasodilation; decrease insulin causing hyperglycemia 5) Causes bronchoconstriction in lungs 6) Used with HTN, Angina, Hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma 7) C/I in asthmatics, Diabetics, Prinzmetal angina

Propanalol

Submandibular/sublingual glands

Endoderm cell derivative

1) Nonselective a1/a2 blockers; competitive and reversible 2) Prevents vasoconstriction 3) Will cause reflex tachcardia 4) Used to treat HTN, pheochromocytoma and Raynaud's Disease 5) C/I in patients with decreased coronary perfusion

Phentolamine

Esmolol

Predominant Tone: Genital tract

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Feature of Fibrinoid Necrosis

Extracellular degeneration with accumulation of fibrinoid tissue within injured vascular wall Seen in endothelium; indication of SEVERE vascular injury

Feature of Caseous Necrosis

Necrosis with loss of tissue architecture and cellular outlines, but is FIRM in consitency Seen with TB, Histoplasma

1) Selective B2 blocker

Butoxamine

Aorticopulmonary septum

Neural Crest Cells

Lens of eyes

Surface ectoderm derivative

1) Reversible anticholinesterase 2) Protects ACh from AChE 3) Intermediate acting on AChE 4) Does NOT enter CNS 5) Reversal agent for anethesia 6) Treatment for paralytic ileus/bladder 7) Used for treatment of symptomatic MG 8) Antidote for Tubocurarine/other NM blocking agents

Neostigmine

Predominant Tone: Bladder

Parasympathetic - cholinergic

Muscarinic receptors: M2

Heart predominately

1) Synthetic Alkaloid 2) Competative antagonist at muscarinic receptors 3) Unable to cross BBB 4) Blocks vagal inputs in heart 5) Reduce bronchial secretions in surgery

Glycopyrrolate

Ameloblasts/tooth enamel

Surface ectoderm derivative

Theophylline/caffeine/metaproterenol Treatment?

Esmolol

Respiratory tract

Endoderm cell derivative

Feature of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis

Focal areas of fat destruction resulting from abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes Cause from acute pancreatitis

Cardiotoxic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants) Treatment?

Na Bicarb

Define: Identification

Unconscious patterning of one's behaviors after that of someone more powerful

Melanocytes of skin

Neural Crest Cells

Aspirin Treatment?

IV fluids IV Bicarb Gastric lavage

Adenohypophysis

Surface ectoderm derivative

1) Nonselective D1, B1, a1 agonist; direct action 2) Affects dependent on level of dose: low, D1; medium, B1, high, a1 3) Increase contractility/outflow from heart; renal blood flow; urine output 4) Used in treatment of cardiogenic/neurogenic shock

Dopamine

Copper Chelator?

Penicillamine

Heart/cardiac muscle

Lateral mesoderm Splanchnic layer derivative

1) Selective B2 receptor agonist; direct action 2) Functions as bronchodilator; suppression of inflammatory mediators in lungs; increases mucocilliary clearance 3) Used in treatment of asthma, COPD, Hyperkalemia 4) Can cause hypokalemia and hyperglycemia

Albuterol/Terbutaline Pirbuterol Salmeterol Formeterol

Sternum

Lateral mesoderm Somatic layer derivative

Nicotinic receptors: Nn

Seen at ganglia and adrenal medulla

Neurohypophysis

Neuroectoderm derivative

Predominant Tone: Arterioles

Sympathetic - adrenergic

1) B blocker with K+ channel blockage 2) Used in antiarrythmia cases

Sotalol

Lower vagina

Endoderm cell derivative

1) Direct action on cholinergic receptors 2) Stimulation of paralytic bladder/ileus 3) Used for congenital megacolon 4) Usually post-op or postpartum

Bethanechol

1) Selective a1 receptor agonist; direct action 2) Can elicit bradycardia with increase BP 3) Used as decongestant, with local anesthetics 4) Causes contraction of radial muscles of eye (mydriasis) 5) C/I due to increased BP; photophobia; and anginal pain

Phenylephrine Methoxamine Oxymetazoline

Define: Karyolysis

Nuclear dissolution

Locations of Muscarinic receptors: M1

CNS Gq = increase IP3, DAG and Ca2+

GIT Lining

Endoderm cell derivative

Adrenal cortex

Intermediate mesoderm derivative

FFM-2 Mini 2 Flashcards

(214 cards)