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Fluency > FICs > Flashcards

FICs Flashcards

1
Q

What are FICs

A
  • predictable, temporary reduction of stuttering
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2
Q

Implications for nature of stuttering, research, and treatment

A

Learn what changes when using FICs

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3
Q

3 FIC strategies

A
  1. Environmental: conditions that exist around PWS
  2. Altered manner of speech: change style speech is produced
  3. Response contingent: stimulus presented contingent on moment of stuttering (i.e. Lidcombe)
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4
Q

Environmental Strategies

A

Masking
Chorus Reading
Measurement Reactivity
Frequency-Altered Feedback

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5
Q

Altered Manner of Speech Strategies

A

Unusual/extreme Changes
Slowed Speech
Rhythmic Speech
Prolonged Speech

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6
Q

Response Contingent Strategies

A

Aversive Punishers
Non-Aversive Punishers
Unrelated Punishers
Response Contingent Time-Out (RCTO)

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7
Q

Masking

A

Speaking while listening to loud noise

Shane: 18.7 words stuttered reduced to 4.5 with masking

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8
Q

Disproved Explanations for Masking

A

Lombard effect- change voice, speaking loudly you end up speaking slower
- disproved: study found speaking in loud voices does not decrease stuttering

Can’t hear yourself- disproved because still helps reduced stuttering as low as 50dB SPL

Auditory System/Voiced-Unvoiced- putting noise into someone’s system helps even if it’s not during speech
- effects wear off from masking over time

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9
Q

Chorus Reading

A

Reading out loud in unison
One of the most effective FICs
Good way of showing PWS have the capacity to be fluent

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10
Q

Disproved Explanations of Chorus Reading

A

Due to distraction- disproved because reading same material leads to better results

Communicative responsibility- disproved because in two conditions (on phone where audience can hear just PWS then audience can hear convo b/t PWS and Chorus Reader) results were similar

Speech pattern changes- modified vocalization hypothesis- change vowel duration, stretch sounds, change pitch
- disproved because chorus reader read differently than the PWS and still reduced stuttering

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11
Q

Measurement Reactivity

A

Reduction in stuttering that can occur when the speaker knows his speech is being evaluated

Needs 2 conditions:

  1. speaker feels it is important to control stuttering
  2. speaker has skill, knowledge, or ability to control his stuttering

Common post-treatment measure

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12
Q

Measurement Reactivity differences

A

Covert/overt differences: measurements are very similar
Covert= randomly call and evaluate
Over= measured on a set date

Clinic-bound fluency: 0 stuttering after treatment via tapes, self-reports revealed still stuttered
- need a general idea of stuttering carry-over

Not as consistent or predictable as other FICs

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13
Q

Frequency-Altered Feedback

A

Speaking while hearing your own voice shifted in frequency
1/2 to 1 octave
500-2000 Hz shift up or down for SpeechEasy

Sounds like chorus reading
Wears off over time
Tx studies aren’t good
Works because you slow down speech

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14
Q

Unusual/Extreme Changes

A

Whispering, shouting, accents, breathy voice, singing, etc.

Has good results

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15
Q

Slowed Speech

A

Belief that slowing down will reduce stuttering-only a small effect

Does not actually cause or cure stuttering

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16
Q

Rhythmic Speech

A

Speaking in time to any external, self-created, or internal rhythm

  • focus on the rhythm and matching unit of speech to beat
  • different lengths of time (i.e. syllable, word, phrase) works equally well

Sound unnatural/robotic: clients aren’t open to using this technique

17
Q

Rhythmic Speech continued

A

Most commonly uses a metronome- can use a tactile stimulus

Stuttering came back when weaning off metronome use after being fluent with it

Dropped in favor of prolonged speech techniques

18
Q

Prolonged Speech

A 
Gentle Onset
Continuous Phonation
Soft Articulation (contacts)
Exaggerated Short Pauses
Slow, extended, smooth, prolonged
19
Q

Gentle onset

A

gradual rise in vocal intensity at beginning of words/utterance

sounds romantic

20
Q

Continuous phonation

A

constant phonation during or between words

no voiceless sounds; blend words together so VF constantly vibrating

21
Q

Soft Articulation

A

gentle contact between articulators

extended duration of stop consonants

like gentle onset with articulators instead of VF

22
Q

Exaggerated short phrases

A

use rhythm with phrase and continue it

23
Q

Slow, extended, smoothed, prolonged

A

Won’t always sound slow, eventually sounds normal

24
Q

Prolonged Speech research

A

Used delayed auditory feedback as punisher in operant studies

  • stuttering decreased when DAF was used as punishment contingent on stuttering
  • used continuous DAF that turned off contingent on stuttering; should have increased stuttering; instead PWS used a slow, prolonged manner of speech that led to less stuttering

Stuttering is NOT a behavior

25
Q

DAF Research

A

Prolonged speech= dominant approach for stuttering

Need to measure naturalness so that you’re not substituting one type of unnatural speech (stuttering) for another (prolonged speech)

Happened as accident of prolonged speech research

26
Q

Aversive Punishers

A

DAF and shock (reduced stuttering to almost 0)

27
Q

Nonaversive Punishers

A

PWS told “not good” for stutters and “good” for fluent speech

28
Q

Unrealated Punishers

A

said “tree” after stutters- still reduced stuttering

29
Q

RCTO

A

Works in adults and children

In adults: told to stop speaking after they stuttered
In children (puppet study): conversation partner became silent contingent on stuttering
- didn’t want to punish kids
- need to determine if developmental or actual stutter
- at the time, didn’t want to bring attention to the stutter b/c it would make it worse

Self-administered time-out: adults gave themselves time-outs after stuttering (not for each stutter)

Fluency (4 decks)

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