Field Methods

Question 1

a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data information in accordance with suitable methodologies

Answer 1

research

Question 2

engage in reflective thinking and investigate things, situations and problems around them

Answer 2

intellectual curiosity

Question 3

begins once the intellectual curiosity ends

Answer 3

prudence

Question 4

new, unique, and original

Answer 4

creativity

Question 5

must be inventive and innovative

Answer 5

inventiveness

Question 6

have a return of investment by applying the invest-harvest principle

Answer 6

productivity

Question 7

conducted to explore a group of questions; answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem

Answer 7

exploratory

Question 8

or causal research is conducted to understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard procedures

Answer 8

explanatory

Question 9

focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. It is used to describe the behavior of a sample population

Answer 9

descriptive

Question 10

also called fundamental research or pure research; aims to discover basic truths or principles

Answer 10

basic research

Question 11

seeking new application of scientific knowledge of developing a new system or procedure

Answer 11

applied research

Question 12

a decision-oriented research involving the application of scientific-methods in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices

Answer 12

developmental research

Question 13

unique form of applied research and a reflective process of progressive problem solving; also called practitioner research

Answer 13

action research

Question 14

uses scientific sampling and questionnaire design to measure characteristics of the populations with statistical precision

Answer 14

survey research

Question 15

also known as program evaluation; refers to research purpose instead of a specific method

Answer 15

evaluation research

Question 16

numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect

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quantitative research

Question 17

a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design; includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated and can be measured, calculated, and compared

Answer 17

experimental research

Question 18

attempts to determine how related two or more variables are; degree of relation is expresses as a correlation coefficient

Answer 18

correlational research

Question 19

attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups

Answer 19

causal-comparative research

Question 20

type of scientific research that seeks answer to a question and systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the questions

Answer 20

qualitative research

Question 21

systematically methodology that has been largely, but not exclusively applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientist

Answer 21

grounded theory

Question 22

applied in social sciences; seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research which are linked together by critical reflection

Answer 22

action research

Question 22

helps us to understand the meaning of people’s lived experiences. it explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a phenomena

Answer 22

phenomenological research

Question 22

term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals

Answer 22

narrative research

Question 23

detailed study of specific subject

Answer 23

case study

Question 23

collecting existing data in the form of text, images, audio or video recording, etc.

Answer 23

secondary research

Question 24

recording what have seen heard or encountered in detailed field notes

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observation

Question 24

personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations

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interviews

Question 24

asking questions and generating discussion among people or group

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focus groups

Question 24

distributing questionnaire with open-ended questions

Answer 24

surveys

Question 24

can take the form of texts, photos, videos, and audio

Answer 24

qualitative data analysis

Question 24

defined as a sampling technique in which the researchers chooses samples from a larger population using a method based on the theory of probability

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probability sampling method

Question 24

each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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simple random sampling

Question 24

individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame

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systematic sampling

Question 24

selected based on availability and willingness to take part

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convenience sampling

Question 24

the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristics; it is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different subgroups and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups

Answer 24

stratified sampling

Question 24

subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals, randomly selected

Answer 24

clustered sampling

Question 25

method of sampling is often used by market researchers

Answer 25

quota sampling

Question 25

known as selected or subjective sampling; this technique relies on the judgement of the researchers when choosing who to ask to participate

Answer 25

judgement (or purposive) sampling

Question 25

commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to-reach groups

Answer 25

snowball sampling

Question 25

non-probability sampling method that is very similar to convenience sampling with a slight variation

Answer 25

consecutive sampling

Question 25

a program that is run on a computer and that uses step by step methods to explore the approximate behavior of a mathematical model

Answer 25

research design

Question 25

provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research; it educates and monitors scientist conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard

Answer 25

research ethics

Question 25

most common in the social and behavioral sciences though we also find them in such disciplines as artificial life, epidemiology, ecology and any disciplines in which the networked interactions of many individuals is being studied

Answer 25

agent-based simulations

Question 25

used for heuristic purposes for the purposes of predicting data that we do not have

Answer 25

simulation

Question 25

most commonly used in the physical sciences and other sciences where there is governing theory that can guide the construction of mathematical models based on differential equations

Answer 25

equation-based simulations

Question 25

discusses the equation-based models that are based on particle methods and those that are based on field methods

Answer 25

multiscale simulations

Question 26

computer algorithms that use randomness to calculate the properties of a mathematical model and where the randomness of the algorithms is not a feature of the target model

Answer 26

monte carlo simulations

Question 27

opposing theories and disparate finding populate the field of psychology

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meta-analysis research design

Question 28

a type of psychological test often used in personality assessment; often presented in a paper-and-pencil format

Answer 28

self-report inventories

Question 29

most famous self-report inventory; personality test that first published in the 1940s, later revised in the 1980

Answer 29

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)

Question 30

developed by raymond cattell to assess individuals based on his trait theory of personality; used to generate personality profile of the individual and often used to evaluate employees

Answer 30

16 personality factor questionnaire

Question 31

based on MMPS which nearly half question are drawn; designed to measure such characteristics as self-control, empathy, and independence

Answer 31

california personality inventory

Question 32

the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results

Answer 32

reliability

Question 33

measure of reliability obtained by administering same test twice over a period of time

Answer 33

test-retest reliability

Question 34

obtained by administering different versions of an assessment tool (both versions must contain items that probe the same construct)

Answer 34

parallel forms reliability

Question 35

used to assess the degree to which different judges or rates agree in their assessment decision

Answer 35

inter-rater reliability

Question 36

used to evaluate the degree to which different test items that probe the same construct produce similar results

Answer 36

internal consistency reliability

Question 37

a subtype of internal consistency reliability; obtained by taking all the items on a test that probe the same construct

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average inter-item correlation

Question 38

subtype of internal consistency reliability; process of obtaining split-half reliability is begun by splitting in half all items of a test

Answer 38

split-half reliability

Question 39

refers to how well a test measures; what it is

Answer 39

validity

Question 40

ascertains that the measure appears to be assessing the intended construct under study

Answer 40

face validity

Question 41

used to ensure that the measure is actually measure what it is intended to measure

Answer 41

construct validity

Question 42

used to predict future or current performance—it correlates test results with another criterion of interest

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criterion-related validity

Question 43

used to assess how well a measure is able to provide information to help improve the program under study

Answer 43

formative validity

Question 44

ensures that the measure covers the broad range of areas within the concept under study

Answer 44

content validity

Question 45

collection of information from a sample of individuals though their responses to questions; allows for a variety of methods to recruit participants

Answer 45

survey

Question 46

study in which the researchers manipulated the level of some independent variables

Answer 46

experiment

Question 47

all the important factors that might affect the phenomena of interest are completely controlled

Answer 47

true experiments

Question 48

all the participants have the same chance of being in a given condition

Answer 48

random assignment

Question 49

group that receives treatment

Answer 49

treatment group

Question 50

group which does not receive the treatment

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control group

Question 51

used convenience sampling to select study participants

Answer 51

experimental researchers

Question 52

only exposed to a single user interface

Answer 52

between-subjects (or between-groups) study design

Question 53

tests all the conditions all the user interface

Answer 53

within-subject (or repeated-measures) study design

Question 54

independent variable caused the outcome of the study

Answer 54

internal validity

Question 55

difficult to generalize experimental results to groups that were not included in the study; also of particular concern in social science experiments

Answer 55

external validity

Question 56

makes it easier to generalize the results of the studies to other groups

Answer 56

random sampling techniques

Question 57

a tentative explanation of an event or behavior; explains the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measured behavior

Answer 57

experimental hypothesis

Question 58

can be either true of false

Answer 58

synthetic statements

Question 59

means for manipulating antecedent conditions and measuring the resulting behavior must exist

Answer 59

testable statements

Question 60

preferred over one that requires many supporting assumptions

Answer 60

parsimonious statements

Question 61

leads to a new studies

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fruitful statements

Question 62

disprovable by research findings

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falsifiable statements

Question 63

process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles

Answer 63

inductive model

Question 64

the process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances

Answer 64

deduction

Question 65

the reverse of the inductive model

Answer 65

deductive model