Fighting Disease

Question 1

Things that stop pathogens getting inside

Answer 1

THE SKIN - releases substances that kill pathogens

NOSE HAIRS - Trap particles that could contain pathogens

MUCAS ( snot ) - Release mucus to trap pathogens

STOMACH ACID - Makes hydrochloride acid that kills pathogens in the stomach

Question 2

Immune System attacking pathogens
(White Blood Cell)

Answer 2

1. Phagocytosis:
   - White blood cells engulf (surround) pathogens and digest them.
2. Producing Antibodies:
   - When white blood cells come across a foreign antigen they will make antibodies
   - Antibodies lock onto invading pathogens the antibodies are specific the the type of antigen (won’t lock onto others)
   - Antibodies make sure pathogens can be found and destroyed by white blood cells
   - If person is infected with same pathogen again, white blood cells will rapidly make the antibodies kill it. So they will be naturally immune to it and not get ill.
3. Produce Antitoxins:
   - Stop toxins produced by invading bacteria from working.

Question 3

Antigen

Answer 3

Invading pathogen that has a unique molecule on its surface

Question 5

Vaccination

Answer 5

Injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens into your body

Question 7

Preclinical Testing

Answer 7

1 - Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab

2 - The drug is then tested on live animals to find out:
~ It’s efficiency ( whether drug works and has effect your looking for)
~ It’s toxicity ( how harmful and if it has any side effects)
~ It’s dosage ( concentration of drug that works best and how often should be taken)

Question 8

Clinical Testing

Answer 8

1 - If drug passes test on animals then it’s tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
2 - Drug is testing on healthy volunteers
3 - Make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side effects
4 - Start of trial a low dose is given and is increased little by little
5 - If results are good, drugs can be tested on patients with illness
6 - Optimum dose is found (most effective dose that has a few side effects)
7 - Patients out in 2 groups to see how well drug works
> GROUP 1 = given new drug
> GROUP 2 = Given Placebo ( substance that’s like the drug but doesn’t do anything)
8 - Doctor compares groups and see which drug makes real difference
9 - Clinical trials are blind but patient doesn’t know if getting drug or placebo
10 - Often double blind ( neither patient or doctor know who’s taken what until results are gathered)
11 - Results of tests are published until been through a peer review. This helps prevent false claims.