Fighting Disease Flashcards
(174 cards)
0
Q
When was the anti vaccination league founded?
A
1853
1
Q
When was the compulsory vaccination age extended to 14?
A
1867
2
Q
When was the anticompulsory vaccination league founded?
A
1867
3
Q
When and and by what was faith in vaccination challenged?
A
1870, a smallpox outbreak
4
Q
Why did people object to compulsory vaccination?
A
Individual freedom
Resistance to interference
Medical opinion to alternatives
Sanctity of home and family
5
Q
What percentage of babies were vaccinated in 1890 in their first year?
A
3
6
Q
What did the percentage change to and from, from 1875 to 1889
A
From 96 to 78
7
Q
What was Pasteur first driven by?
A
Needs of brewing industry
8
Q
How did Pasteur show that germs were real?
A
He used a normal flask, containing sugar beet, which went sour due to germs, then a flask with a curved neck, which didn’t go sour
9
Q
When did Pasteur study a silkworm disease?
A
1865
10
Q
What was the silkworm disease that Pasteur studied called?
A
Pébrine
11
Q
How did Koch make microbes visible?
A
He dyed them
12
Q
What did Koch primarily do?
A
Identified the germs that caused certain diseases
13
Q
How did Koch and Pasteur benefit each other?
A
They both wanted to make more discoveries than the other
14
Q
What disease did Pasteur investigate?
A
Chicken cholera
15
Q
How did the chickens gain an immunity to chicken cholera?
A
They were given a weaker culture, weakened by air to the chicken, then a pure one
16
Q
Who challenged Pasteur and vaccination, and what were the results?
A
A journalist challenged Pasteur to publicly demonstrate vaccination on sheep, by vaccinating some, then infecting all. The vaccinated ones survived
17
Q
Who did Pasteur copy ideas off, during the development of a vaccination for rabies?
A
Emile roux
18
Q
How did Pasteur find a weakened strain of rabies?
A
He used the 15 day old spines of rabbits that died from rabies
19
Q
How did Pasteur first test his rabies vaccination on humans?
A
A boy, bitten by a rabid dog, came to him, who was given an untested vaccine, which worked
20
Q
Who tested a vaccine for TB?
A
Koch
21
Q
What happened with the vaccination of TB?
A
Thousands of sufferers flocked to Berlin, but it didn’t work and Koch was blamed
22
Q
What is a ‘magic bullet’
A
An antibody
23
Q
Who was Gerhard Domagk?
A
He developed a drug, effective against blood poisoning
24
What was the first antibiotic?
Penicillin
25
Who first discovered penicillin, but didn't pursue it?
Joseph Lister
26
How did Fleming notice penicillin?
He was growing germs on agar, and in one dish that was left for a week, mould formed, and no germs formed around the mould
27
Who first made pure penicillin?
Florey and chain
28
What were the problems with production of penicillin?
Florey's team didn't have the resources or money to develop it
29
When and who mass produced penicillin?
USA, December 1941
30
What was thalidomide?
A drug meant to relieve morning sickness, but actually caused limb mutations in the children in the womb
31
How many people does TB kill each year?
3 million
32
What did Elizabeth Fry do for nurses?
She founded Britain's first nursing school, the institute of nursing sisters
33
What hospital did Florence Nightingale work in?
Barrack hospital, in Scutari
34
Why did Florence nightingale go to the barrack hospital?
It was in appalling conditions, and the secretary of war asked her to 'superintend the whole thing'
35
What was the death rate in Barrack hospital in 1854?
42%
36
When did Nightingale go to Scutari?
1854
37
What was the death rate in Barracks hospital in early 1856?
2%
38
What 2 nicknames was nightingale known as?
The lady with the lamp
| An angel of mercy
39
What war was Nightingale working in Barracks?
Crimean war
40
How did Mary Seacole first treat patients?
In her mothers boarding house for invalid soldiers
41
What job did Mary Seacole apply for?
To go to crimea and be a nurse
42
Why was Seacole rejected from going to Crimea?
She was a victim of Victorian racism
43
Where did Seacole come from?
Jamaica
44
What happened when Seacole was rejected by the war office?
She made her own way to Crimea, then set up a medical store and hostel, near Balaclava, so soldiers could obtain medicine
45
Did Seacole work with Nightingale?
No, but they met on several occasions?
46
What happened to Seacole when she returned to England?
She went bankrupt
47
What was organised for the benefit of Seacole when she returned?
A 4 day music festival
48
How much did the musical festival for Seacole raise?
£233
49
What was opened for Nightingale, to enable her to develop nursing training?
A public fund
50
How much did the public fund raise for Nightingale?
£44,000
51
What did Nightingale use the money from the public fund for?
She started the nightingale school of nursing
52
In 1900,how many trained nurses were there in Britain?
64,000
53
What anaesthetic did Humphry Davy discover in 1799?
Laughing gas(nitrous oxide)
54
What anaesthetic did Crawford Long discover in 1842?
Ether
55
What was the problem with ether?
It's highly flammable
56
How was ether first demonstrated? When?
John Warren removed a Timor painlessly from the neck of a patient
57
What happened when Joseph Lister amputated the leg of William Churchill, using anaesthetic?
It was over in 26 seconds, and Churchill asked when he was going to begin the operation, after his leg was amputated. He didn't realise
58
Who discovered chloroform and when?
James Simpson, 1847
59
Why did people reject anaesthetics?
Army officers regarded them as 'soft'
People thought god intended women to feel pain in childbirth
There had been a few fatal accidents
60
Famously, who was anaesthetised during childbirth, and when?
Queen Victoria, 1853
61
When was the first blood transfusion from animal to man?
1667
62
Who carried out the first human blood transfusion and when?
James Blundell, 1818
63
What happened after Pasteur published his germ theory, to surgery?
It improved, as doctors began to sterilise equipment and use anaesthetics
64
Where and when was the first blood bank set up?
1936, Barcelona
65
What was the downside of effective, safe anaesthetics?
Surgeons got too over confident and attempted far fetched survey
66
What did Ignaz Semmelweiss suggest in 1847?
That doctors may be spreading disease themselves
67
What did Semmelweiss order doctors to do, to reduce spread of infection?
To wash their hands in a solution of lime chloride before examining patients
68
What did Lister use to disinfect surgical instruments, the air, and surgeons hands
Carbolic acid
69
Between 1864 and 1866, without antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
46
70
Between 1867 and 1870, with use of antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
15
71
What did William Halsted do to reduce infection in surgery, and when?
1889, he introduced surgical gloves, caps, masks and gowns
72
What is asepsis?
Sterilising the air, the clothing and the tools of doctors
73
Before the 2nd WW, what happened when surgeons opened the chest?
The lungs collapsed
74
What did US army surgeon, Dwight Harken do to soldiers with shrapnel lodged in their hearts?
He cut into the beating hearts and removed the shrapnel with his fingers
75
What needed to be done to make heart surgery safe?
The blood supply needed to be cut off
76
Who performed the worlds first human heart transplant?
Christiaan Barnard
77
What percentage of heart transplant patients lived more than 2 years in 1887?
90
78
What was thalidomide?
A drug meant to relieve morning sickness, but actually caused limb mutations in the children in the womb
79
How many people does TB kill each year?
3 million
80
What did Elizabeth Fry do for nurses?
She founded Britain's first nursing school, the institute of nursing sisters
81
What hospital did Florence Nightingale work in?
Barrack hospital, in Scutari
82
Why did Florence nightingale go to the barrack hospital?
It was in appalling conditions, and the secretary of war asked her to 'superintend the whole thing'
83
What was the death rate in Barrack hospital in 1854?
42%
84
When did Nightingale go to Scutari?
1854
85
What was the death rate in Barracks hospital in early 1856?
2%
86
What 2 nicknames was nightingale known as?
The lady with the lamp
| An angel of mercy
87
What war was Nightingale working in Barracks?
Crimean war
88
How did Mary Seacole first treat patients?
In her mothers boarding house for invalid soldiers
89
What job did Mary Seacole apply for?
To go to crimea and be a nurse
90
Why was Seacole rejected from going to Crimea?
She was a victim of Victorian racism
91
Where did Seacole come from?
Jamaica
92
What happened when Seacole was rejected by the war office?
She made her own way to Crimea, then set up a medical store and hostel, near Balaclava, so soldiers could obtain medicine
93
Did Seacole work with Nightingale?
No, but they met on several occasions?
94
What happened to Seacole when she returned to England?
She went bankrupt
95
What was organised for the benefit of Seacole when she returned?
A 4 day music festival
96
How much did the musical festival for Seacole raise?
£233
97
What was opened for Nightingale, to enable her to develop nursing training?
A public fund
98
How much did the public fund raise for Nightingale?
£44,000
99
What did Nightingale use the money from the public fund for?
She started the nightingale school of nursing
100
In 1900,how many trained nurses were there in Britain?
64,000
101
What anaesthetic did Humphry Davy discover in 1799?
Laughing gas(nitrous oxide)
102
What anaesthetic did Crawford Long discover in 1842?
Ether
103
What was the problem with ether?
It's highly flammable
104
How was ether first demonstrated? When?
John Warren removed a Timor painlessly from the neck of a patient
105
What happened when Joseph Lister amputated the leg of William Churchill, using anaesthetic?
It was over in 26 seconds, and Churchill asked when he was going to begin the operation, after his leg was amputated. He didn't realise
106
Who discovered chloroform and when?
James Simpson, 1847
107
Why did people reject anaesthetics?
Army officers regarded them as 'soft'
People thought god intended women to feel pain in childbirth
There had been a few fatal accidents
108
Famously, who was anaesthetised during childbirth, and when?
Queen Victoria, 1853
109
When was the first blood transfusion from animal to man?
1667
110
Who carried out the first human blood transfusion and when?
James Blundell, 1818
111
What happened after Pasteur published his germ theory, to surgery?
It improved, as doctors began to sterilise equipment and use anaesthetics
112
Where and when was the first blood bank set up?
1936, Barcelona
113
What was the downside of effective, safe anaesthetics?
Surgeons got too over confident and attempted far fetched survey
114
What did Ignaz Semmelweiss suggest in 1847?
That doctors may be spreading disease themselves
115
What did Semmelweiss order doctors to do, to reduce spread of infection?
To wash their hands in a solution of lime chloride before examining patients
116
What did Lister use to disinfect surgical instruments, the air, and surgeons hands
Carbolic acid
117
Between 1864 and 1866, without antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
46
118
Between 1867 and 1870, with use of antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
15
119
What did William Halsted do to reduce infection in surgery, and when?
1889, he introduced surgical gloves, caps, masks and gowns
120
What is asepsis?
Sterilising the air, the clothing and the tools of doctors
121
Before the 2nd WW, what happened when surgeons opened the chest?
The lungs collapsed
122
What did US army surgeon, Dwight Harken do to soldiers with shrapnel lodged in their hearts?
He cut into the beating hearts and removed the shrapnel with his fingers
123
What needed to be done to make heart surgery safe?
The blood supply needed to be cut off
124
Who performed the worlds first human heart transplant?
Christiaan Barnard
125
What percentage of heart transplant patients lived more than 2 years in 1887?
90
126
What was thalidomide?
A drug meant to relieve morning sickness, but actually caused limb mutations in the children in the womb
127
How many people does TB kill each year?
3 million
128
What did Elizabeth Fry do for nurses?
She founded Britain's first nursing school, the institute of nursing sisters
129
What hospital did Florence Nightingale work in?
Barrack hospital, in Scutari
130
Why did Florence nightingale go to the barrack hospital?
It was in appalling conditions, and the secretary of war asked her to 'superintend the whole thing'
131
What was the death rate in Barrack hospital in 1854?
42%
132
When did Nightingale go to Scutari?
1854
133
What was the death rate in Barracks hospital in early 1856?
2%
134
What 2 nicknames was nightingale known as?
The lady with the lamp
| An angel of mercy
135
What war was Nightingale working in Barracks?
Crimean war
136
How did Mary Seacole first treat patients?
In her mothers boarding house for invalid soldiers
137
What job did Mary Seacole apply for?
To go to crimea and be a nurse
138
Why was Seacole rejected from going to Crimea?
She was a victim of Victorian racism
139
Where did Seacole come from?
Jamaica
140
What happened when Seacole was rejected by the war office?
She made her own way to Crimea, then set up a medical store and hostel, near Balaclava, so soldiers could obtain medicine
141
Did Seacole work with Nightingale?
No, but they met on several occasions?
142
What happened to Seacole when she returned to England?
She went bankrupt
143
What was organised for the benefit of Seacole when she returned?
A 4 day music festival
144
How much did the musical festival for Seacole raise?
£233
145
What was opened for Nightingale, to enable her to develop nursing training?
A public fund
146
How much did the public fund raise for Nightingale?
£44,000
147
What did Nightingale use the money from the public fund for?
She started the nightingale school of nursing
148
In 1900,how many trained nurses were there in Britain?
64,000
149
What anaesthetic did Humphry Davy discover in 1799?
Laughing gas(nitrous oxide)
150
What anaesthetic did Crawford Long discover in 1842?
Ether
151
What was the problem with ether?
It's highly flammable
152
How was ether first demonstrated? When?
John Warren removed a Timor painlessly from the neck of a patient
153
What happened when Joseph Lister amputated the leg of William Churchill, using anaesthetic?
It was over in 26 seconds, and Churchill asked when he was going to begin the operation, after his leg was amputated. He didn't realise
154
Who discovered chloroform and when?
James Simpson, 1847
155
Why did people reject anaesthetics?
Army officers regarded them as 'soft'
People thought god intended women to feel pain in childbirth
There had been a few fatal accidents
156
Famously, who was anaesthetised during childbirth, and when?
Queen Victoria, 1853
157
When was the first blood transfusion from animal to man?
1667
158
Who carried out the first human blood transfusion and when?
James Blundell, 1818
159
What happened after Pasteur published his germ theory, to surgery?
It improved, as doctors began to sterilise equipment and use anaesthetics
160
Where and when was the first blood bank set up?
1936, Barcelona
161
What was the downside of effective, safe anaesthetics?
Surgeons got too over confident and attempted far fetched survey
162
What did Ignaz Semmelweiss suggest in 1847?
That doctors may be spreading disease themselves
163
What did Semmelweiss order doctors to do, to reduce spread of infection?
To wash their hands in a solution of lime chloride before examining patients
164
What did Lister use to disinfect surgical instruments, the air, and surgeons hands
Carbolic acid
165
Between 1864 and 1866, without antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
46
166
Between 1867 and 1870, with use of antiseptics, what percentage of amputation patients died?
15
167
What did William Halsted do to reduce infection in surgery, and when?
1889, he introduced surgical gloves, caps, masks and gowns
168
What is asepsis?
Sterilising the air, the clothing and the tools of doctors
169
Before the 2nd WW, what happened when surgeons opened the chest?
The lungs collapsed
170
What did US army surgeon, Dwight Harken do to soldiers with shrapnel lodged in their hearts?
He cut into the beating hearts and removed the shrapnel with his fingers
171
What needed to be done to make heart surgery safe?
The blood supply needed to be cut off
172
Who performed the worlds first human heart transplant?
Christiaan Barnard
173
What percentage of heart transplant patients lived more than 2 years in 1887?
90
