Filaria Nematodes

Question 1

The second leading cause of permanent and long term disability affecting both physical and psychological aspects of the victim

Answer 1

Lymphatic Filariasis

*One of the most debilitating diseases plaguing many tropical countries

Question 2

Give the lymphatic filarial worms

Answer 2

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
* Brugia timori

Question 3

Appearance of microfilariae

Answer 3

Graceful, minute snake-like appearance

Question 4

True / False:

Adult females of B. malayi and W. bancrofti are distinguishable from each other

Answer 4

False. B. malayi and W. bancrofti adult females are indistinguishable from each other
*They can be distinguished through their microfilaria

Question 5

Mosquito vectors of W. bancrofti

Answer 5

Aedes - in Pacific region
Culex - in Urban areas
Anopheles - Rural areas

Question 6

The main vector of W. bancrofti and Malaria in the Philippines

Answer 6

Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris

Question 7

Vector of B. malayi in the Philippines

Answer 7

Mansonia bonnae - in freshwater swamps
Mansonia uniformis - in ricefields

• Aedes, Anopheles
• Coquillettida

Question 8

The infective stage of filaria to the mosquito & humans

Answer 8

Mosquitos: Microfilariae
Humans: L3 larva

Question 9

Characteristic uterus of W. bancrofti and B. malayi females

Answer 9

Double-barrel uterus

Question 10

Clinical spectrum of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 10

1. ADLA (Acute dermatolymphangioadenitis)
2. ADL (Adenolymphangitis)
3. AFL (Acute filarial lymphangitis ) –> palpable cord
4. Lymphaedema & Elephantiasis
5. Genitourinary lesions (hydrocele) –> enlargement of testes and milky urine
6. Tropical pulmonary eosinophila

Question 11

Brugia malayi can selectively induce _ lymphocyte apoptosis which may contribute to immune unresponsiveness to filariasis

Answer 11

CD4+ lymphocytes

Question 12

Endemic normals

Answer 12

Patients who harbor the parasite antigen instead of the microfilaria

Question 13

The most common manifestation of Lymphatic filariasis

Answer 13

ADLA (Acute dermatolymphangioadenitis)

Question 14

Bacteria most frequently associated with ADLA

Answer 14

Group A streptococcus

Question 15

Expatriate syndrome

Answer 15

Individuals who grew outside the endemic regions of filarial parasites then migrated to it (char. by immune hyper-responsiveness)

Question 16

Dreyer’s staging for chronic lymphedema

Answer 16

1- Reversible swelling  when lying in bed 
2- Irreversible swelling 
3- Shallow skin folds 
4- Knobs 
5-Deep skin folds 
6-Mossy lesions
7- Cannot perform daily tasks

Question 17

Wolbachia

Answer 17

Produced by dying filarial worms

Question 18

Time of collecting the sample for the thick blood smear to test lymphatic filariasis

Answer 18

Between 8pm-4am

*Due to the nocturnal periodicity of W. bancrofti

Question 19

In cases of low detection of microfilariae, this concentration test may be used

Answer 19

Knott’s method

Question 20

Cephalic space of W. bancrofti vs. Brugia malayi

Answer 20

Wuchereria: 1:1

Brugia : 1:2

Question 21

The gold standard for the detection of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 21

CFA (Circulating filarial antigens)

* DEC = drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis

Question 22

Meyer’s Kouwenar Syndrome

Answer 22

Presence of microfilaria in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

Question 23

Weingarten’s Syndrome / Typical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Answer 23

Presence of paroxysmal nocturnal cough, hypereosinophilia and lung impairment

Question 24

The definitive host of W. bancrofti & Brugia malayi

Answer 24

Humans

Question 25

Onchocerca volvulus is otherwise known as

Answer 25

River blindness worm

Question 26

Vector for Onchocerca

Answer 26

Simulium spp. (Buffalo gnat or the black fly)

Question 27

Clinical manifestations for O. volvulus

Answer 27

1. Lizard/leopard skin 2. Hanging groin 3. Sowda

Question 28

Responsible for Calabar/ Fugitive swelling

Answer 28

Loa loa

Question 29

Differece in elephantiasis between B. malayi and W. bancrofti

Answer 29

W. bancrofti - lower extremeties | B. malayi - upper extremeties

Question 30

Disease caused by O. volvulus

Answer 30

River blindness

Question 31

Mode of transmission for all filarial worms

Answer 31

Bite of an infected arthropod

Question 32

Lab diagnosis for filarial worms

Answer 32

1. Giemsa-stained smear | 2. Knott's concentration technique

Question 33

Loa loa is also known as _

Answer 33

Eye worm

Question 34

Onchocerca volvulus is otherwise known as

Answer 34

Blinding worm

Question 35

Vectors of Loa loa

Answer 35

Mango fly, fruit fly, chrysops

Question 36

Vectors of Mansonella

Answer 36

Cullicoides / Midge

Question 37

Mansonella streptocerca characteristic filarial worm

Answer 37

Sheperd's crook

Question 38

Dog heartworm

Answer 38

Dirofilaria immitis | * produces coin lesions in lungs