Fill in the blank questions (Chapter 3 and 4)

Question 1

The size of the action potential is independent of the stimulus magnitude, a phenomenon that is referred to as the —- property of action potentials?

Answer 1

All or none

Question 2

Inside the nerve cell there is a high concentration of —- ions, while outside there is a high concentration of — ions?

Answer 2

potassium, sodium

Question 3

The — are regularly spaced along the lengths of the myelinated axons.

Answer 3

nodes of Ranvier

Question 4

The — is the site at which the action potential is initiated?

Answer 4

axon hillock

Question 5

The generation of action potential depends on —- channels, which are opened through a process of regenerative —-

Answer 5

sodium, depolarization

Question 6

In —- clamping, the membrane potential of an axon is measured and manipulated; —- clamping allows the manipulation and analysis of part of a membrane, even a single ion channel.

Answer 6

voltage, patch

Question 7

The toxins TTX and STX both block — channels, preventing the production of —

Answer 7

sodium, action potentials

Question 8

The electrical potential across a semipermeable membrane separating different concentrations of ions is most accurately predicted by the — equation

Answer 8

Goldman

Question 9

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by —– of the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 9

hyperpolarization

Question 10

—– synapses work with practically no time delay, whereas —- synapses have a delay on the order of about a millisecond

Answer 10

Electrical, chemical

Question 11

The enzyme — breaks down molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, stopping its action at synapses

Answer 11

acetylcholinesterase

Question 12

Any substance that binds to a receptor is known as a(n)

Answer 12

ligand

Question 13

The number of receptors for a particular transmitter that are present in the brain may vary as a consequence of —- factors, biological —–, or the effects of —–

Answer 13

developmental, rhythms, drugs

Question 14

Transporter molecules are involved in the —- of the neurotransmitter from the synapse

Answer 14

removal

Question 15

The amount of transmitter released at an axon terminal is proportional to the amount of — that enters the axon terminal

Answer 15

calcium

Question 16

—- inform the presynaptic neurons about the net concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft and help regulate future transmitter release

Answer 16

Autoreceptors

Question 17

Simple partial seizures are characterized by —- and —– EEG activity

Answer 17

spike, wave

Question 18

—- Seizures are characterized by periods of enduring contractions alternating with periods of jerky, rhythmic contraction and relaxation

Answer 18

Tonic-clonic

Question 19

Loss of consciousness and symmetrical involvement of the body are characteristic of —- seizures

Answer 19

generalized

Question 20

Event-related potentials are particularly useful for diagnosing problems with

Answer 20

hearing

Question 21

Halorhodopsin is stimulated by —– light and allows —- ions to enter the cell

Answer 21

yellow, chloride

Question 22

Match each lettered item with an item from the numbered list below

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Calcium

1. depolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane during an action potential
2. involved with the binding of neurotransmitter vesicles in the axon terminal
3. hyperpolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane after an action potential
4. hyperpolarizes neurons when it enters cell

Answer 22

a: 1, b: 3, c: 4, d: 2

Question 23

The endogenous opiates belong to the —- family of neurotransmitters

Answer 23

peptide

Question 24

At present, at least — different types of receptors for dopamine have been identified

Answer 24

five

Question 25

The ---- system is a dopamine-containing projection that originates in the substantia nigra and projects to the basal ganglia

Answer 25

mesostriatal

Question 26

The NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors are all --- receptors

Answer 26

glutamate

Question 27

The enzyme responsible for breaking down molecules of the transmitter acetylcholine is

Answer 27

acetylcholinesterase

Question 28

The two types of acetylcholine receptors are called ---- and ---

Answer 28

nicotinic, muscarinic

Question 29

The enzyme responsible for breaking down molecules of transmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is

Answer 29

monoamine oxidase

Question 30

A major source of fibers containing norepinephrine

Answer 30

locus coeruleus

Question 31

The affinities of drugs are expressed in units of concentration, the higher the affinity, the ---- the concentration

Answer 31

lower

Question 32

The receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate are called kainate receptors, NMDA receptors, and ----- receptors

Answer 32

AMPA

Question 33

The fact that the drug naxolone may suppress alcohol consumption suggests that the ---- system may be involved in the effects of alcohol on the brain

Answer 33

opiate

Question 34

The drug ecstasy, or MDMA, is a hallucinogenic form of

Answer 34

amphetamine

Question 35

The active ingredient of marijuana, THC, exerts its effects on the brain through interactions with ---- receptors

Answer 35

cannabinoid

Question 36

The molecular structure of LSD resembles the neurotransmitter

Answer 36

serotonin

Question 37

2-AG is a type of ----

Answer 37

endocannabinoid

Question 38

The ---- model of drug abuse considers abuse to be a consequence of the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 38

physical dependence

Question 39

A common feature of addictive drugs appears to be that they cause the release of --- in the -----

Answer 39

dopamine, nucleus accumbens

Question 40

The --- is an area of the brain which, when lesioned, allows patients to quit smoking effortlessly

Answer 40

insula

Question 41

One novel approach to the treatment of drug abuse involves the use of ---- directed against the drug molecules, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of the drug in the blood

Answer 41

antibodies

Question 42

a. LSD b. Ketamine c. Muscarine d. Diazepam (Valium) e. Caffeine f. Heroin 1. GABA receptors 2. Acetylcholine receptors 3. Adenosine receptors 4. Opiate receptors 5. NMDA receptors 6. Serotonin receptors

Answer 42

a: 6, b: 5, c: 2, d: 1, e: 3, f: 4