Fill In The Blanks

Question 1

Olfactory receptors connect to the ___________ ______ of the first cranial nerve.

Answer 1

Olfactory bulb

Question 2

_________ is the shell shaped part of the bony labyrinth containing the cochlear duct, and is concerned with hearing.

Answer 2

Cochlea

Question 3

_______ ________ is part of the __________ bone, in the superior nasal cavity this is covered by a specialized area of nasal mucosa.

Answer 3

Cribiform plate, ethmoid

Question 4

CN _ or ________ nerve is not considered a true nerve because it is structurally and functionally already part of the CNS.

Answer 4

1, olfactory

Question 5

_____ _________ are numerous olfactory axons that collectively make up the olfactory nerve.

Answer 5

Fila olfactoria

Question 6

___________ is phylogenetically the oldest portion of the cortical mantle of the cerebral hemisphere and develops in association with the olfactory system.

Answer 6

Paleocortex

Question 7

_________ is comprised of the piriform complex and the parahippocampal gyrus and receives sensory info from the MOB and the olfactory tract in the temporal lobe.

Answer 7

Paleocortex

Question 8

the ________ ________ _______ along with the olfactory tract carries olfactory info to the paleocortex in the temporal lobe along the olfactory stria near the uncus.

Answer 8

Main olfactory bulb

Question 9

All vertebrates except for aquatic mammals posses a ________ ________ ________.

Answer 9

Main olfactory bulb

Question 10

The _________ _________ ______ is present in most vertebrates but is absent in OWM, apes and humans and is associated with the VNO.

Answer 10

Accessory olfactory bulb

Question 11

The _______ _________ _______ is thought to receive sensory input via volatile, airborne stimulus. This is associated with the MOB.

Answer 11

Main olfactory epithelium

Question 12

the __________ _______ is not functionally separate from the MOE but receives nonvolatile aromatic stimuli called pheromones and uses the AOB.

Answer 12

Vomeronasal organ

Question 13

A __________ is a nonvolatile aromatic stimulus received by the VN which can cause hormonal responses and in humans are found in apocrine glands, saliva, seminal and vaginal secretions and urine.

Answer 13

Pheromones

Question 14

The _____ ________ __ ______ is a small area of olfactory epithelium located in the nasal mucosa posterior to the nasopalatine ducts that connect the oral and nasal cavities. This has been identified in rodents, but not in primates.

Answer 14

Septal organ of masera

Question 15

The _______ _______ ___ ________ is used for alarm/alert pheromone reception in rodents.

Answer 15

Septal organ of masera

Question 16

The ________ ________ is found in rodents, and is used as maternal and/or alarm pheromone receptors.

Answer 16

Gruenberg ganglion

Question 17

________ ________ _______ are formed from scroll-like bony features of the maxilla and ethmoidal elements in the internal nose.

Answer 17

Nasal turbinate bones

Question 18

nasal turbinate bones are also known as _________ _______.

Answer 18

Nasal conchae

Question 19

___________ unites the nasal turbinate bones with the oral cavity.

Answer 19

Nasopharynx

Question 20

___________ ______ are within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones and open into the nasal cavity beneath the turbinate mucosa.

Answer 20

Paranasal sinuses

Question 21

________ are moist, naked surfaces surrounding the nasal openings/nostrils of most mammals.

Answer 21

Rhinarium

Question 22

__________ are sensitive to touch but no olfactory receptors, probably assists in delivering pheromone molecules to the VNO and is attached to the mucus membranes of the premaxilla by the philtrum.

Answer 22

Rhinarium

Question 23

____________ is a taste sensation that responds to glutamic acid.

Answer 23

Umami

Question 24

____________ is a taste sensation that responds to alkalinity

Answer 24

Bitter

Question 25

___________ is a taste sensation that responds to acidity

Answer 25

Sour

Question 26

__________ is a taste sensation that responds to glucose

Answer 26

Sweet

Question 27

___________ taste sensation works closely with sweetness to assess ripeness

Answer 27

Sour

Question 28

___________ taste sensation has an inverse relationship between sensitivity and body size

Answer 28

Sweet **Larger people have a lessened sensitivity to sweetness**

Question 29

_____________ taste sensation is limited in concentrated forms in nature. This is important to detect and preference may be learned in humans

Answer 29

Salty

Question 30

_______________ taste sensation is typically avoided due to the association with toxic secondary compounds, yet secondarily sought after by humans for other side effects

Answer 30

Bitter

Question 31

____________ is the least understood taste sensation and is used as a flavor enhancer

Answer 31

Umami

Question 32

Strepsirrhines are _____-______ _________ , this may increase their ability to smell.

Answer 32

Wet-nosed primates

Question 33

Haplorhines, including platyrrhines and catarrhines, are ___-______ ________.

Answer 33

Dry-nosed primates

Question 34

The ________________ are considered to be wet-nosed primates

Answer 34

Strepsirrhines

Question 35

The _______________ are considered dry-nosed primates with side-facing nostrils

Answer 35

Platyrrhines

Question 36

The ____________ are considered to be dry-nosed primates with downward-facing nostrils

Answer 36

Catarrhines

Question 37

The ______________ is the primitive opening to the inner ear found in early tetrapods

Answer 37

Spiracle

Question 38

The ______________ bone was originally part of the jaw articulation and later became the incus

Answer 38

Quadrate

Question 39

The ___________ bone was originally part of the jaw articulation and later became the malleus

Answer 39

Articular

Question 40

The ______________ bone becomes part of the tympanic bone

Answer 40

Angular

Question 41

The ______________ and _______________ bones were established as part of the jaw in primitive mammals. They started as a part of a 4-bone joint and end up as part of the final 2-bone jaw.

Answer 41

Dentary and squamosal

Question 42

The ____________ was derived from the articular bone and branchial arch 1. It acts on the tympanic membrane.

Answer 42

Malleus

Question 43

The ____________ is the bone derived from the quadrate and branchial arch 1.

Answer 43

Incus

Question 44

The _____________ inserts on the oval window and is derived from branchial arch 2.

Answer 44

Stapes (this is also the most primitive middle ear bone)

Question 45

The _____________ nerve is transported through the internal acoustic meatus via the petrous portion of temporal bone.

Answer 45

Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

Question 46

The _____________ bone is derived from the angular and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone that houses the tympanic ring

Answer 46

Tympanic bone (aka tympanic bulla)

Question 47

The _______________ _________ is formed by the angular; its position varies among mammals. In primates it may be within or outside the auditory bulla.

Answer 47

Tympanic ring (ectotympanic ring)

Question 48

The ________ ________ is formed by the petrous part of the temporal bone in primates

Answer 48

Auditory bulla (tympanic bulla)

Question 49

The _______________ _______ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Answer 49

Eustachian tube (pharyngotympanic tube)

Question 50

The ______________ _________ divides the outer ear from the middle ear and lies closest to the malleus.

Answer 50

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 51

_______________ on hair cells and apical ends are bathed in endolymph.

Answer 51

Stereocilia

Question 52

________ _______ line the inside of the vestibular organ, have stereocilia and are the site of attachment for vestibular nerve endings

Answer 52

Hair cells

Question 53

___________ are calcium carbonate crystals that sense gravity and linear accelerations

Answer 53

Otoliths

Question 54

_________ ___________ includes both the utricle and saccule within the macula

Answer 54

Otolith organ

Question 55

_____________ is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris in ampullae

Answer 55

Cupula

Question 56

_____________ is the sensory organ of angular acceleration and deceleration in each ampulla (3 pairs)

Answer 56

Crista ampullaris

Question 57

___________ are swellings at the base of semicircular canals

Answer 57

Ampullae

Question 58

_____________ is a potassium rich fluid inside the membranous labyrinth (continuous with the cochlea), that bathes the apical ends of the stereocilia

Answer 58

Endolymph

Question 59

_____________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented vertically and senses linear acceleration in a vertical plane

Answer 59

Saccule

Question 60

_________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented horizontally and senses linear acceleration in a horizontal plane

Answer 60

Utricle

Question 61

____________ is a specially shaped membrane enclosed by the semicircular canals

Answer 61

Membranous labyrinth

Question 62

___________ ___________ detect linear and rotational acceleration of the head and enclose the membranous labyrinth

Answer 62

Semicircular canals

Question 63

__________ __________ muscle inserts on malleus

Answer 63

Tensor tympani

Question 64

_____________ muscle moves the stapes

Answer 64

Stapedius

Question 65

Cranial nerve _______ is transported through the petrous portion of the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus to the inner ear

Answer 65

VII

Question 66

__________ _________ is part of the medial/labyrinthine wall of the middle ear and is the site where low frequency sound waves exit the inner ear

Answer 66

Round window

Question 67

___________ ___________ is part of the medial/labyrinthine wall, divides the middle ear from the inner ear, and is the site of insertion for the stapes

Answer 67

Oval window

Question 68

__________ __________ is the roof of the middle ear

Answer 68

Tegmen tympani (AKA tegmental wall)

Question 69

_____________ bone forms the auditory bulla, is where the middle ear is located, and it itself is located behind the tympanic membrane lined with mucus membrane

Answer 69

Petrosal bone

Question 70

_________ are is the site of speech production

Answer 70

Broca's

Question 71

___________ area is the site of speech recognition and comprehension

Answer 71

Wernicke's

Question 72

B. Wright Short Answer: Be able to define the distinct characteristics of the human brain as presented in the human strategy text.

Answer 72

Cerebrum extremely large relative to body size Lateralization of the cerebrum Areas of the left hemisphere specialized for language Expanded limbic cortex

Question 73

Explain the gustatory stimulus that leads to a salty taste. (B Wright short answer)

Answer 73

Limited in concentrated forms in nature, so important to detect, preference may be learned in humans

Question 74

Explain what gustatory stimulus leads to a sweet taste. (B wright short answer)

Answer 74

Response to glucose **There is an inverse relationship between sensitivity to sweet and body size**

Question 75

Explain the gustatory stimulus that leads to a sour taste. (B wright short answer)

Answer 75

Response to acidity **Works closely with sweetness to assess ripeness**

Question 76

Explain the gustatory stimulus that leads to a bitter taste. (B wright short answer)

Answer 76

Response to alkalinity **Typically avoided due to the association with secondary complex, yet sought after by humans for other side effects**

Question 77

Explain the gustatory stimulus for an umami taste. (B. Wright short answer)

Answer 77

Savoriness, a response to glutamic acid. **least understood, MSG used as a flavor enhancer**

Question 78

Define distinct characteristics of the primate visual system as presented in the human strategy text (B. Wright short answer)

Answer 78

Frontally directed vision Visual cortex processes opposite visual field Midbrain processes information from opposite visual field Stereoscopic vision Macula Elaboration of the visual cortex

Question 79

Be able to explain the evolutionary transition of bones making up the jaw joint and how this relates to organization of the bony elements of the modern mammalian jaw and middle ear. (K. Wright short answer)

Answer 79

Jaw transitioned from solely a quadrate-articular joint, to a joint still containing the quadrate and articular as well as the dentary and squamosal to just a dentary and squamosal joint With this transition, the quadrate and articular were reduced and the quadrate became the incus and the articular became the malleus, which are involved in hearing along with the tympanic bone.

Question 80

Be able to explain the "Trade-Off hypothesis as it relates to special sense organs in primates (K. Wright short answer)

Answer 80

Rivalry between smell and vision for dominance Visual parts of the brain developed at the expense of the olfactory parts in the forebrain It is the idea that specialization of one sensory function will impair another OWM use visual cues in reproductive behavior and have emphasized vision over olfaction while NWM rely more on olfaction

Question 81

Be able to compare and contrast strepsirrhine, platyrrhine, and cattarrhine rhinaria. (K. Wright short answer)

Answer 81

Strepsirrhine: wet-nosed, forward facing nostrils - for enhanced smelling Platyrrhine: dry-nosed, side facing nostrils Catarrhine: dry-nosed, downward facing nostrils Rhinaria characteristics: - Naked surface surrounding the nasal openings/nostrils of most mammals - Sensitive to touch but no olfactory receptors - Probably assists in delivering the pheromones to the VNO - Philtrum attaches the rhinarium to the mucus membrane of the premaxilla

Question 82

Be able to explain the path of sound through the ear from the point at which sound waves enter the ear to where auditory stimuli are translated into neural signals. (K. Wright short answer)

Answer 82

1) Sound waves enter ear through ear canal 2) Pass through tympanic membrane causing ossicles to oscillate; flowing from malleus to incus to stapes, which inserts on oval window 3) Travels through oval window then enter the perilymph in the scala vestibuli 4) Sound waves cause vestibular membrane to move resulting in pressure wave formation in the endolymph within the cochlear duct and displacement of part of the basilar membrane 5) Hair cells in the organ of corti are distorted initiating a nerve signal 6) High frequency waves die out quickly whereas low frequency waves pass out through the round window

Question 83

Be able to explain which features of the vestibular apparatus sense horizontal and linear acceleration and give a very general explanation of how the vestibular apparatus functions to sense motion and position of the head. (K. Wright short answer)

Answer 83

Utricle is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented horizontally and senses horizontal/linear acceleration Sacculus is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented vertically and senses vertical/linear acceleration In vestibular apparatus, as orientation of the head changes or linear acceleration occurs, the otoliths move causing pressure to be distributed through the cupula in endolymph and onto the hair cells causing formation of neural signals