FINAL 02 - Spectroscopic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles
A
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)/Light
2
Q
Refers to the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed point in space
A
Period (p)
3
Q
Refers to the number of oscillations of an electromagnetic wave per second
A
Frequency
4
Q
Refers to the distance between any two consecutive maxima or minima of an electromagnetic wave
A
Wavelength
5
Q
Refers to the reciprocal of wavelength
A
Wavenumber
6
Q
Refers to the flux of energy per unit time
A
Power (P)
7
Q
Refers to the flux of energy per unit time per area
A
Intensity (I)
8
Q
Refers to the maximum length of the electric vector in a wave (the maximum height of the wave)
A
Amplitude
9
Q
A particle of light carrying an amount of energy equal to hv
A
Photon
10
Q
The measurement of the attenuation of photons because of absorption
A
Absorbance
11
Q
__________ of a photon occurs when an analyte in a higher-energy state returns to a lower-energy state
A
Emission
12
Q
Emission following the absorption of a photon is called __________
A
Photoluminescence
13
Q
Emission following a chemical reaction is called __________
A
Chemiluminescence
14
Q
Is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of UV region and visible region is absorbed by the molecule (Types of spectroscopy)
A
UV-Vis spectroscopy
15
Q
In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the __________ is responsible for the absorption of light or radiation
A
Chromophore
16
Q
The quantity of a colored constituent is determined by measuring the relative amount of absorption of light passing through a solution of the constituent; an example of visible spectroscopy
A
Colorimetry
17
Q
__________ is a functional group which does not absorb radiant energy but affects the absorption of radiant energy by the chromophore
A
Auxochrome
18
Q
Shift to longer wavelength; red shift (Types of spectral shifts)
A
Bathochromic shift
19
Q
Shift to shorter wavelength; blue shift (Types of spectral shifts)
A
Hypsochromic shift
20
Q
Shift to greater absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)
A
Hyperchromic shift
21
Q
Shift to lower absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)
A
Hypochromic shift
22
Q
According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the thickness of the solution increases arithmetically
A
Lambert’s law (Bourger’s law)
23
Q
According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the concentration of the solution increases arithmetically
A
Beer’s law (Bernard’s law)
24
Q
Refers to the fraction of incident light at a specified wavelength that passes through a sample
A
Transmittance
25
Refers to the logarithm of inverse transmittance; also known as optical density (OD), absorbancy, or extinction coefficient
Absorbance
26
A __________ lamp is used the UV region from 190-250 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Deuterium
27
A __________ or ________ lamp is used for the visible region from 350-900 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer) (QT)
Quartz halogen, Tungsten
28
A __________ source is a source that emits radiation over a wide range of wavelengths
Continuum
29
A __________ source is a source that emits radiation at only select wavelengths
Line
30
May be designed to split the light beam so that the beam passes through two sample compartments (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Optics
31
Is used to disperse the light into its constituent wavelengths which are further selected by a slit (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Monochromator
32
Is an analytical technique that takes advantage of the vibrational transitions of a molecule; measures absorption in the IR region (Types of spectroscopy)
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
33
IR spectroscopy is conducted with an instrument called an __________ to produce an infrared spectrum
Infrared spectrometer/spectrophotometer
34
The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds have a wavelength range from __________ to __________ nm
2,500 - 16,000
35
4 types of vibrational movement (SAIO)
Symmetric stretching, Antisymmetric stretching, In-plane bending, Out-of-plane bending
36
The __________ is the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters and is therefore expressed in units of cm^-1
Wavenumber (v)
37
Wavenumber = 3700-3200 (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 1
38
Alcohol, amide or amine, and terminal alkyne (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 1
39
Wavenumber = 3200-2700 (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 2
40
Alkyl, aryl, or vinyl, Aldehyde, and Carboxylic acid (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 2
41
Wavenumber = 2300-2100 (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 3
42
Alkyne and nitrile triple bonds (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 3
43
Wavenumber = 1950-1650 (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 4
44
Carbonyl functional groups (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 4
45
Wavenumber = 1680-1450 (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 5
46
Alkene and benzene ring (Functional group frequency/zone - IR spectroscopy)
Zone 5
47
3 types of monochromators used in an IR spectrophotometer (PGF)
Prism, Gratings, Filters
48
Are made up of potassium bromide, sodium chloride, and cesium iodide (Types of monochromators)
Prisms
49
Are made up of lithium fluoride (Types of monocromators)
Filters
50
Are made up of alkali halides (Types of monochromators)
Gratings
51
Are used to measure the intensity of unabsorbed infrared radiation (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)
Detectors
52
Are used to record the IR spectrum (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)
Recorders
53
When radiation passes through a transparent medium, the species present scatter a fraction of the beam in all directions (Types of spectroscopy)
Raman spectroscopy
54
When scattered light is equal to the excited light (Types of scattering)
Rayleigh scattering
55
When scattered light is different from the excited light (Types of scattering)
Raman scattering
56
When the scattered radiation is of lower frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of Raman scattering)
Stokes scattering
57
When scattered radiation is of higher frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of scattering)
Anti-Stokes scattering
58
Anti-Stokes lines are __________ than Stokes lines
Less intense
59
If we know the intensity of the scattered radiation, we can quantitatively determine the amount of the sample. This is called __________
Nephelometry
60
If we know the intensity of the transmitted radiation, we can quantitatively determine the amount of the sample. This is __________
Turbidimetry
61
Occurs as a result of incomplete destructive interference in a medium containing colloidal or large particles
Scattering
62
Turbid solution, transmitted light, parallel source and transducer (Turbidimetry or nephelometry)
Turbidimetry
63
Turbid solution, scattered light, perpendicular source and transducer (Turbidimetry or nephelometry)
Nephelometry
64
Solvent for chloride ions (Turbidimetry and nephelometry)
Silver nitrate
65
Solvent for sulfate ions (Turbidimetry and nephelometry)
Barium chloride
66
Niacin or nicotinamide - Microorganism (Turbidimetry and nephelometry)
Lactobacillus plantarum
67
Calcium pantothenate - Microorganism (Turbidimetry and nephelometry)
Lactobacillus plantarum
68
Vitamin B12 - Microorganism (Turbidimetry and nephelometry)
Lactobacillus leichmannii
69
The study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms (Types of spectroscopy)
Atomic spectroscopy
70
Atoms are thermally excited so that they emit light and the radiation emitted is measured (Types of atomic spectroscopy)
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES)
71
A spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of light by free/unexcited atoms in the gaseous state (Types of atomic spectroscopy)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
72
A lamp that consists of a tungsten anode and a cylindrical cathode sealed in a glass tube that is filled with Ne or Ar at a pressure of 1-5 torr; used in AAS
Hollow cathode lamp
73
Uses an intense light source to excite atomic fluorescence of elements in a flame or plasma (Types of atomic spectroscopy)
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS)
74
Is an analytical technique for measuring the mass and MW of a molecule by measuring the masses of the fragments produced when molecules are broken apart; ratio of mass/charge (m/z) (Types of spectroscopy)
Mass spectroscopy
75
Sample inlet is sample stored in large reservoir from which molecules reaches ionization chamber at low pressure in steady stream by a pinhole called __________ (Instrumentation of mass spectrometry)
Molecular leak
76
In mass spectrometry, ionization can be achieved by __________, __________, and __________ (ECD)
Electron ionization (EI-MS), Chemical ionization (CI-MS), Desorption technique (FAB)
77
__________ is typically presented as a bar graph with masses (m/z) values on the x-axis and intensity on the y-axis
Mass spectrum
78
In mass spectrum, the tallest peak, assigned an intensity of 100%, is called the _________
Base peak
79
The peak that corresponds to the unfragmented cation radical is called the __________, or the molecular ion (M+)
Parent peak
80
Is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei (Types of spectroscopy)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
81
It is a spectroscopy technique which is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency region 4 to 900 MHz by nuclei of atoms (Types of spectroscopy)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
82
Has become the preeminent technique for determining the structure of organic compounds (Types of spectroscopy)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
83
Glass tube that is 8.5 cm long and 0.3 cm in diameter (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Sample holder
84
It provides homogenous magnetic field at 60-100 MHz (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Permanent magnet
85
To produce the equal amount of magnetic field pass through the sample (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Sweep generator
86
A radio transmitter coil transmitter that produces a short powerful pulse of radio waves (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Radio frequency transmitter
87
A radio receiver coil that detects radio frequencies emitted as nuclei relax to a lower energy level (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Radio frequency receiver
88
A computer that analyzes and record the data (Instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy)
Read out systems
89
A chromophore is usually __________ (contains alternate single-double bonds)
Conjugated
90
Used to determine concentration of solution (Types of spectroscopy)
UV/Vis spectroscopy
91
Used to determine functional groups (Types of spectroscopy)
Infrared spectroscopy
92
Used for liquid dosage forms (Types of spectroscopy)
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
93
Used for structural elucidation of compounds (Types of spectroscopy) (UMN)
UV/Vis spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy
94
__________ elements have antibacterial properties
Oligodynamic
95
Used as an antiseptic (Oligodynamic elements) (CZ)
Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)
96
Used as an antioxidant (Oligodynamic elements) (ST)
Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te)
97
Used for PUD (Oligodynamic elements)
Bismuth (Bi)
98
Involved in Itai-Itai disease (Oligodynamic elements)
Cadmium (Cd)
99
Used for syphilis (Oligodynamic elements)
Arsenic (As)
100
Used for schistosomiasis (Oligodynamic elements)
Tin (Sn)
101
Has no medicinal use (Oligodynamic elements)
Germanium (Ge)
102
Has an antifreezing effect; used in gasoline (Oligodynamic elements)
Lead (Pb)
103
Used as an antimicrobial; causes Minamata disease (Oligodynamic elements)
Mercury (Hg)
104
Antidote for mercury poisoning
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxidate
105
Alternative antidote for mercury poisoning
Egg albumin
106
Peaks in this region are characteristic of specific kinds of bonds, and therefore can be used to identify whether a specific functional group is present (4000-1500 cm^-1) (Regions in IR spectra)
Functional group region
107
Peaks in this region arise from complex deformations of the molecule. They may be characteristic of molecular symmetry or combination bands arising from multiple bonds deforming simultaneously (1500-400 cm^-1) (Regions in IR spectra)
Fingerprint region
108
One of the best methods for determination of impurities in organic molecules (Types of spectroscopy)
UV/Vis spectroscopy
109
Used for compound identification (Types of spectroscopy)
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
110
Determination of particle size in a colloid or dispersion, water analysis, limit tests for chloride and sulfate ions in drugs, microbial assays for vitamins and antibiotics (Types of spectroscopy) (TN)
Turbidimetry, Nephelometry
111
Qualitative detection of all metals and most of the nonmetallic elements; quantitative analysis of metals (Types of spectroscopy)
Atomic emission spectrometry (AES)
112
Capable of measuring samples containing both hydride-forming elements, such as As, Cd, Zn, Bi, Se, Te, Sb, Sn, Ge, Pb, as well as Hg at a precipitate level (Types of spectroscopy)
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS)
113
Greater sensitivity achievable because of very low background and the interference in the fluorescence signal (Types of spectroscopy)
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS)
114
Used for determining or confirming the identity or structure of drugs and raw materials used in their manufacture (Types of spectroscopy)
Mass spectrometry
115
Not currently used in routine QC; expensive, requires highly trained personnel and regular maintenance (Types of spectroscopy)
Mass spectrometry
116
The preeminent technique for determining the structure of organic compounds (Types of spectroscopy)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
117
Characterization of the exact structure of raw materials and finished products (Types of spectroscopy)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
