Final 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Anything that has mass and occupies space
A
Matter
2
Q
The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
A
Chemistry
3
Q
The study of compounds containing carbon
A
Organic chemistry
4
Q
The study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon
A
Inorganic chemistry
5
Q
The area of chemistry that focuses on processes that take place in organisms
A
Biochemistry
6
Q
The area of chemistry that focuses on the composition of matter
A
Analytical chemistry
7
Q
The area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
A
Physical chemistry
8
Q
The pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
A
Pure chemistry
9
Q
Research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
A
Applied chemistry
10
Q
The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired
A
Technology
11
Q
A logical,systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
A
Scientific method
12
Q
Information obtained through the senses
A
Observation
13
Q
A proposed explanation for an observation
A
Hypothesis
14
Q
A repeatable procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
A
Experiment
15
Q
The variable that is changed during an experiment; also called manipulated variable
A
Independent variable
16
Q
The variable that is observed during an experiment; also called responding variable
A
Dependent variable
17
Q
A representation of an object or event
A
Model
18
Q
A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
A
Theory
19
Q
A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
A
Scientific law
20
Q
A measure of the amount of matter that an object contains
A
Mass
21
Q
A measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter
A
Volume
22
Q
A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
A
Extensive property
23
Q
A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
A
Intensive property
24
Q
Matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound
A
Substance
25
A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
Physical property
26
A form of matter that as a definite shape and volume
Solid
27
A form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape
Liquid
28
A form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container
Gas
29
Describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
Vapor
30
A change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
Physical change
31
A physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Mixture
32
A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
33
A mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
Homogeneous mixture
34
A homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
Solution
35
Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
Phase
36
A process that separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Filtration
37
A process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points
Distillation
38
The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Element
39
A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
Compound
40
A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
Chemical change
41
A one or two letter representation of an element
Chemical symbol
42
An arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties
Periodic table
43
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Period
44
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; the constituent elements of a group have similar chemical and physical properties
Group
45
The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
Chemical property
46
A change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
Chemical reaction
47
A substance present at the start of a reaction
Reactant
48
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Product
49
A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
Precipitate
50
In any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can neither be created nor destroyed
Law of conservation of mass
51
A quantitative description that includes both a number and a unit
Measurement
52
An expression of numbers in the form mx10n, where m is equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10, and n is an integer
Scientific notation
53
The closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured
Accuracy
54
Describes the closeness or reproducibility, of a set of measurements taken under the same conditions
Precision
55
A quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community
Accepted value
56
A quantitative value measured during an experiment
Experimental value
57
The difference between the accepted value and the experimental value
Error
58
The percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value
Percent error
59
All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
Significant figures
60
The revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement in 1960
International system of units (SI)
61
The base unit of length in SI
Meter
62
The volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters on each edge. It is the common unprefixed unit of volume in the metric system
Liter
63
The mass of 1 L of water at 4° C; it is the base unit if mass in SI
Kilogram
64
A metric mass unit equal to the mass of 1cm3 of water at 4°C
Gram
65
A force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass
Weight
66
The capacity for doing work or producing heat
Energy
67
The SI unit of energy
Joule
68
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of pure water at 1° C.
Calorie
69
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter
Temperature
70
The temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C
Celsius scale
71
The temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 and the boiling point is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero
Kelvin scale
72
The point on the Kelvin temperature scale, equivalent to -273°C
Absolute zero
73
The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
Density
74
A ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another
Conversion factor
75
A technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem
Dimensional analysis
76
The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction
Atom
77
The first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level
Dalton's atomic theory
78
A negatively charged subatomic particle
Electron
79
A stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode of a tube containing a gas at low pressure
Cathode ray
80
A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Proton
81
A subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu
Neutron
82
The tiny, dense central portion of an atom, composed or protons and neutrons
Nucleus
83
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Atomic number
84
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
85
Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
86
A unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Atomic mass unit
87
The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element
Atomic mass
88
The specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have
Energy level
89
The amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another
Quantum
90
The modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms
Quantum mechanical model
91
A mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations; usually represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron
Atomic orbital
92
The arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
Electron configuration
93
The rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Aufbau Principle
94
An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
Pauli exclusion Principle
95
A quantum mechanical property of electrons that may be thought of as clockwise or counterclockwise
Spin
96
Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
Hund's rule
97
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
Periodic law
98
One of a class of elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current
Metal
99
An element that tends to be a poor conductor of heat and electric current
Nonmetal
100
An element that tends to have properties that are similar to those of both metals and nonmetals
Metalloid
101
Any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table
Alkali metal
102
Any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table
Alkaline earth metal
103
A nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table
Halogen
104
An element in Group 8A of the periodic table
Noble gas
105
An element in an "A" group in the periodic table; as a group these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. In their atoms, the s and p sublevels in the highest occupied energy level are partially filled
Representative element
106
One of the Group B element in which the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons
Transition metal
107
An element in the lanthanide or actinide series; the highest occupied energy sublevel and nearby f sublevel of its atoms generally contain electrons
Inner transition metal
108
One-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same elements when the atoms are joined
Atomic radius
109
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
Ion
110
Any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge
Cation
111
Any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge
Anion
112
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state
Ionization energy
113
The ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
Electronegativity
114
An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
Valence electron
115
A notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element
Electron dot structure
116
Atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons
Octet rule
117
A negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron
Halide ion
118
A compound composed of positive and negative ions
Ionic compound
119
The electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together
Ionic bond
120
An expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance
Chemical formula
121
The lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
Formula unit
122
The number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal
Coordination number
123
The force of attraction that holds metals together; it consists of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions
Metallic bond
124
A mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
Alloy
