Final Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Who is Aristotle and what are the proofs?
A
He was a Greek philosopher who came up with the 3 proofs
- ethos the credibility of speaker
- pathos: the emotional appeal
- Logos: the logical appeal
2
Q
Who is Cicero and the 5 canons?
A
He came up with
- arrangement
- Invention
- style
- memory
- Delivery
3
Q
What is invention?
A
Process of coming up with material for a text.
4
Q
What is arrangement?
A
The process of deciding how to order material.
5
Q
What is style?
A
Process of coming up with the actual words that will be used in the text. (Drafting stage/ rewriting stage)
6
Q
What is memory?
A
The process of committing to text memory.
7
Q
Who is corax?
A
The inventor of rhetoric
8
Q
What did Corax come up with?
A
Proem
- narration
- statement of arguments
- refutation of opposing arguments
- summary
9
Q
What are the principles of outlining?
A
- Coordination -uniformity
- subordination. -parallelism
- singularity
- adequecy
- consistency
10
Q
What is coordination?
A
Method of organizing main topics
-addressed in Roman numerals
11
Q
What is subordination
A
Process of arranging sub topics and sub-sub topics
- more concrete than main topics
- use “A” “B” “C” for sub topics
- “1” “2” “3” for sub sub topics
12
Q
What is singularity?
A
-the topic only uses one point at a time
Rule of 3’s
Cant just use one topic an go to the next
13
Q
What is adequacy?
A
Everything has to at least come in pairs
- you can have 3
- just not one
- has to come in at least pair
14
Q
What is consistency?
A
The correct way to organize your whole outline
-e.g I,A,1,a
15
Q
What is uniformity?
A
Rule that everything is expressed in complete sentences
16
Q
What is parallelism?
A
Rule that has
- similar grammar
- similar structure
17
Q
What are the types of structure?
A
Spatial
Chronological
Topical
Causal
18
Q
Spatial structure example
A
Used geographically
- physical proximity
- describing object
19
Q
What are examples of spatial structure?
A
“Where is it”
“How does it look”
“How do things fall together”
20
Q
What is the rule for chronological structure?
A
Follows time sequence
-e.g starts in 1900’s goes to 2000’s
showing steps
-eg this is how i make this
21
Q
What describes topical structure?
A
It’s the most common
- reflects general categories of topic
- break is down topic into smaller chunks
22
Q
what are Samples of topical structure?
A
Ways to cook potatoes
- symbols
- best summer songs
23
Q
How can causal structure be described?
A
-cause and effect
24
Q
What are some topics where causal structure can be used?
A
Medical topics
Sociological topics
25
What are the 4 S’s?
- signposting
- state the idea
- support
- summarize
26
Describe signposting
A word or number that signals where a speaker is in the speech
-e.g first, next, last
27
What are the necessary steps for “stating your idea”?
- use clarity
- phrase in complete sentences
- use parallel language
28
Describe support involving the 4S’s
- rule used in order to support your idea
- explaining
- demonstrating
- quotations
29
What must you always do in the support stage?
Verbally cite your sources
30
What action does the summarize portion of the 4s’s do?
Closes the discussion
| Reinforces the thesis
31
Can you refer to you introduction during the summarize stage?
Yes
32
What are some step to ensure a well don presentation aid?
- Prepare in advance
- keep it simple
- large enough for audience to see
- clear fonts
- contrasting colors
33
Do of good presentation aids
- Only display when discussing
- talk to audience
- explain clearly
- practice with aid
34
What are some don’t to avoid in your presentation aids
-don’t:
Use white board
Pass out handouts
35
Why do we use (extemporaneous) delivery?
- It allows use to make good eye contact
| - allows more more natural dilevry
36
What are other styles that aren’t as effective. Why?
```
Manuscript:
-needs a lot of practice
-takes eyes from audience
Memorization
-most time consuming
-hinders ability to adjust to audience feedback
-rick of freezing up
```
37
What are the parts of an introduction?
- Gain attention
- introduce/justify controversy
- establish credibility
- preview main points
38
What are the parts of a conclusion?
- Summarize the speech
| - closing statement
39
What is a proposition of fact?
A statement about what “is” and “is not”
| -e.g. “video games are addicting”
40
What is a preposition of policy?
Statement that advocates “taking action”
41
What is a preposition of value?
Suggesting that something is better than the other
| -involves the worth of something
42
What is A-R-E-?
Tool used in the formation of an argument
43
What does A-R-E stand for?
- assertion
- reasoning
- evidence
44
What is induction?
Resonating that begins specific idea and moves to general conclusion.
45
Induction: example
Looking at one of more cases with a specific class
46
induction:Analogy
Looking at similarity between cases and comparing basic features
47
Induction: casual correlation?
Identifying a relationship or cerrlation between a case.
48
Induction: authority
Relying on the credibility of the source to prove a claim.
49
induction:Stats
Used to demonstrate the significance of of the Situation or quantify something.
50
What is deductive reasoning
Begins with general and goes to specific conclusion
51
Hypothetical enthememe?
Major premise is conditional
| -use of “if” “when” “assuming”
52
Disjunctive enthymeme?
Major premise provides alternative choices.
| -use “either..or” “neither..nor” “but”
53
Categorical enthymeme?
Use of terms that are categorical
| -“every” “all” “each” “none” “whenever” “always” “like”
54
What is a hasty generalization fallacy?
Drawing a conclusion based on roof few examples
55
What is a ad hominem fallacy?
Launching an irrelevant attack on the the person or source
56
what is a Slippery slope fallacy?
Assumes unstoppable negative Chain reaction, when its not the case.
57
What are the four steps to refutation?
- state the position
- state your position
- support your position
- show your position
58
Describe the refutation strategy: minimization
Assuming the opposing argument may be correct but the significance and impact are minimal
59
Describe the refutation strategy: reduce to absurdity
Stating that the opponents claim is absurd and unacceptable
60
Refutation strategy: net benefit
Stating that the advantages of your claim outweighs the disadvantages
61
Refutation strategy: turn the tables
Stating that the opponents claim is correct but in fact supports your side.
62
Refutation strategy: attack the evidence
Testing the evidence to challenge your opponents claim
63
Refutation strategy: expose inconsistencies
Seeing if the conclusions drawn are inconsistent with another.
64
refutation strategy: Denial
You say “yes” I say “no”
| -have to have abundant evidence for this
65
MMS 5 Steps
-Attention
-Need
-Satisfaction
-Visualization
—Action
66
Requirement for action step
Attention getter
Intro of topic/justification
Credibility statement
Preview of main points
67
Requirement for need step
Statement of need
Illustration of need
Serious of need
Need to audience
68
Satisfaction step requirements
```
Eval of alternative solutions
Statment of solution
Explanation of solution
Effectiveness of solution
Refutation
```
69
Requirements of visualization step
Negative visualization
| Positive visualization
70
Requirements for action step
Direction statement
| Closing statement
71
Describe demographics
The make up of your audience
| -e.g how many: men, women, difference races etc...
72
Describe psychographics
The beliefs, motivations, and behaviors of your audience
| -e.g religion, culture, etc...
73
What the the ethos appeals
Prior
Derived
Terminal
74
Describe the prior appeal.
First impression
75
What are the 3 types of prior appeals?
Reputation
Appearance
Context
76
Describe derived appeal.
Image audience gets of speaker during the speech
77
What are the 4 types of derived appeal?
Sagacity
Character
Good will
Dynamism
78
Describe sagacity
Ability to make good judgments
79
Describe character
Values
80
Describe good will
Respect towards audience
81
Describe dynamism
Natural speaking ability
82
Describe the terminal appeal
Image tha audience has of the speaker after the speech
83
Describe a metaphor
Indirect comparison of things
| -e.g life in the “fast” lane
84
Describe a simile
Direct comparison between two different things using “like” or “as”
-e.g Brian’s personality is as course as sandpaper
85
describe. Rhetorical question
A question that makes a claim where the answer is obvious
| -e.g do you think about anyone other that your self?
86
Describe: anaphora
Repeating a world or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases
-e.g “it takes” family. “It takes” teachers.
87
Describe: Epistrophe
Ending a series of lines and phrases with the same words
| -e.g i failed you. You failed you
88
Describe: alliteration
Repeating the same sound in several words in sequence
| -e.g “let us go forth and lead the land we love” J.F.K
