FINAL

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

Organism that can use raw materials from the environment to assemble its own carbon-based molecules needed to survive

Question 2

Heterotroph

Answer 2

Animals must consume other organisms to obtain essential carbon-based molecules to survive

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

Use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

Question 4

Transpiration

Answer 4

loss of water (vapor) from the leaves to the atmosphere

Question 5

Humidity

Answer 5

Dampness in the air

Question 6

Stoma

Answer 6

Are multicellular structures that control gas exchange and water loss. They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the spongy mesophyll, from the outside atmosphere

Question 7

Avascular

Answer 7

plants that do not contain vascular tissue rely mostly on diffusion alone (bryophytes)

Question 8

Vascular

Answer 8

Combination of bulk flow coupled with diffusion to transport fluids throughout the body (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Question 9

Positive Pressure

Answer 9

push from behind
movement of blood through your arteries
movement of sap through phloem

Question 10

Negative Pressure

Answer 10

Pull from ahead

movement of sap through xylem

Question 11

Cavitation

Answer 11

fill with air, which breaks the chain of bonding needed by water to pull other water molecules up

Question 12

Theory

Answer 12

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Question 13

Cohesion

Answer 13

like molecules bond to one another

Question 14

Tension

Answer 14

pulling force

Question 15

Phloem Sap

Answer 15

a mixture of sugar, nutrients, and water that flows through phloem vessels in a plant
Phloem is the type of vascular tissue (bulk transport system) that carries metabolic fuel (carbohydrates) from source to sinks

Question 16

Source

Answer 16

any cell that produces or releases more photosynthetic product that it uses, by photosynthesis or by mobilizing it from storage mature photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Question 17

Sink

Answer 17

Any cell that takes in more photosynthetic products than it produces, for use of storage
reproductive cells and root cells that specialized in absorption

Question 18

symbiotic

Answer 18

involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

Question 19

rhizosphere

Answer 19

the soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots

Question 20

Symbiosis

Answer 20

Most terrestrial green plants enhance nutrient uptake by establishing symbiotic relationships with fungi (80% of plants) or nitrogen fixing bacteria (4% of plants)
two or more species interact and both species benefit from the interaction

Question 21

Epidermis

Answer 21

the root system serves as a protective skin and it is also the cell layer that specializes in selective absorption from the soil. There is no cuticle covering the epidermal cells in the roots

Question 22

Root hair

Answer 22

extensions of the individual epidermal cells

they are part of the epidermal cell that specializes in absorption

Question 23

Macronutrient

Answer 23

minerals absorbed by the roots that are used in relatively large quantities. these minerals tend to have a low concentration in the soil, and higher concentrations in the plant

Question 24

Micronutrient

Answer 24

minerals absorbed by the roots, such as smaller quantities. these minerals tend to have variable concentrations in the soil, and moderate concentrations in the plant

Question 25

Casperian strip

Answer 25

to enter the xylem, they must be transported into the endodermal cells, since the extracellular spaces are plugged with waxes

Question 26

Haploid

Answer 26

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

Question 27

Diploid

Answer 27

2 sets of chromosomes

Question 28

mitosis

Answer 28

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Question 29

meiosis

Answer 29

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Question 30

gamete

Answer 30

sex cell

Question 31

spore

Answer 31

a reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating seed

Question 32

Sporophyte dominant

Answer 32

genetic process whereby the genetic material of a source cell is maintained so that the daughter cells (cells made during the cellular replication process) have the same quantity and mix of genetic material as the original cell. This reproductive process results in genetically identical offspring cells

Question 33

Gametophyte dominant

Answer 33

Genetic process whereby the genetic material of a source cell is reduced so that the daughter cells have half as much genetic material as the original cell. During this reproductive process, the genetic material is shuffled, so that the daughter cells have a mix of each of the two different copies of all genes from the original parent cell, thereby increasing genetic diversity

Question 34

Gametophyte

Answer 34

haploid forms that make gametes gametes specialize in genetic recombination between parent and offspring generations as a result of random union of sperm and egg

Question 35

Sporophyte

Answer 35

diploid forms that make spores | spores specialized in dispersal (move to new locations) of offspring in early plant lineages

Question 36

Photosynthesis

Answer 36

It is a series of chemical reactions that can be separated into two pairs: light reactions and Calvin Cycle

Question 37

Pigment

Answer 37

a special group of proteins that can absorb light, and use it to move (excite) electrons

Question 38

Lumen

Answer 38

A general term to identify the open space within a tube or other hollow structure

Question 39

Wavelength

Answer 39

measure of the distance between two neighboring peaks that are formed by a photon

Question 40

Carboxylation

Answer 40

A carbon dioxide molecule is added to the 5-carbon RuBP, making a 6-carbon temporary (intermediate) molecule. The 6-carbon molecule is immediately cut in half by an enzyme, RuBisCo. This results in the production of two, 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA

Question 41

Intermediate

Answer 41

A temporary molecule, that is formed in the middle of a series of chemical reactions. It is neither the starting molecule nor the final product of the pathway

Question 42

Reduction

Answer 42

Each 3-PGA is reduced (electrons added) by NADPH, and energized NADPH through the transfer of a phosphate group (phosphorylation). The combination of electrons and cellular energy allows for the 3-PGA to be rearranged into a new molecule, triose phosphate