Final

Question 1

Raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state

Answer 1

Catafalque

Question 2

Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven

Answer 2

Purgatorial Doctrine

Question 3

formed in the Middle Ages by lay persons to bury the dead and to pray for the soul of the faithful departed and other pious practices

Answer 3

Leagues of Prayer

Question 4

made necessary funeral arrangements

Answer 4

Steward of the Guild

Question 5

mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven

Answer 5

Soul Shot

Question 6

Middle Age custom of eating a load of bread and drinking a bowl of beer in the presence of the deceased transferred the sins to the participant - therefore the spirit wouldn’t wander

Answer 6

Sin-Eater

Question 7

originated as an ancient Hebrew practice - family & friends sit with the deceased as a precaution against premature burial; continued as an act of piety in the Middle Ages

Answer 7

Wake (Middle Ages)

Question 8

the wake also served as _____ to welcome the principal heirs to his new estate

Answer 8

Funeral Feasts

Question 9

life-sized, waxen recreation (dummy) of the deceased

Answer 9

Effigy

Question 10

great emphasis was placed on the need for sanitation due to…

Answer 10

Plagues / Black Death

Question 11

Dates of the Great Plague of London

Answer 11

1664 - 1665

Question 12

When did the concept of universal coffined burial begin?

Answer 12

Middle Ages

Question 13

created in 1800s London by the “poor” people as a means to afford funerals; costs were shared by others via weekly collections; were the forerunners of industrial insurance

Answer 13

Burial Clubs

Question 14

provided that woolen cloth should be substituted for linen in the shroud and in the lining of the coffin

Answer 14

Burial in Woolen Act of 1666

Question 15

part of a Protestant influence that has since gone on to influence the Catholic church

Answer 15

Sprinkling a handful of dirt on corpse

Question 16

originally called an under officer of the church who took care of the church property

Answer 16

Sexton

Question 17

began in 1117 as dismembered fragments of the bodies of saints were preserved and regarded as holy relics with special prominence being given to the heart

Answer 17

Independent heart burial

Question 18

noble/rich were sometimes brought back in parts, their bodies being cut up and boiled to extract the bones. These were placed in a chest and returned to the family

Answer 18

Independent bone burial

Question 19

1540-1745 - sole agency permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London

Answer 19

Barber-Surgeons

Question 20

belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease

Answer 20

Bloodletting

Question 21

the reformation beliefs which “trimmed” the Roman Catholic views of elaborate ceremony made funerals more affordabel

Answer 21

Decrease of Burial Clubs

Question 22

the elaborate need for a “Requiem Mass” carrying the bier and religious paraphernalia went away under protestant Christianity

Answer 22

Decrease in Ostentation

Question 23

led to a need for better embalming methods & cadaver regulations

Answer 23

the development of the anatomist and surgeons

Question 24

peak of heraldry and pomp - resurrection of ceremony during the end of the Renaissance

Answer 24

Feudal funerals

Question 25

provided services of organizing and facilitating funeral details as an occupation

Answer 25

funeral undertaker

Question 26

the supplement to which The Practice of Interments in Towns, describes the burial customs of working people and the conditions of the interment of the dead

Answer 26

The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain

Question 27

reported on unsanitary conditions in London created by intramural burials, the high cost of funerals, and the 1st use of the death certificate

Answer 27

Chadwick's Report on intramural interments and burial practices

Question 28

saw death as natural as birth; treated with solemnity and dignity

Answer 28

New England Colonist

Question 29

an undertaker who only offered his services on occasion at funerals, but who also furnished other undertakers with necessary supplies and paraphernalia

Answer 29

furnishing undertaker

Question 30

predecessor to the undertaker

Answer 30

Layers out of the dead

Question 31

called personally upon those expected to attend funerals, often a municipal appointment - licensed and were to receive equal profits and were obligated to attend the burial of the poor without charge

Answer 31

Inviter to funerals

Question 32

superintendent of all mortuary necessities, city registrar of deaths, city messenger

Answer 32

Town Undertakers

Question 33

appeared in the first half of the 19th century

Answer 33

occupation of undertaker as a proper name and profession

Question 34

became a service industry choreographing many parts and individuals - dressing, placing in the casket, transportation to cemetery

Answer 34

funeral undertaker or undertaker

Question 35

provided supplies and merchandise to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public - filled role of the middle man

Answer 35

Furnishing undertakers

Question 36

Coffin Shroud Warehouse of New York, first warehouse of its kind

Answer 36

John L Dillon

Question 37

patented in 1848 as form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve ability to preserve the body; had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face

Answer 37

Fisk Metallic Coffin

Question 38

MH Crane & JR Barnes

Answer 38

purchased rights from Fisk to do metallic coffins

Question 39

innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight (particularly of metal caskets), characterized by an "S" shaped curvature

Answer 39

Ogee Design

Question 40

cloth covered coffin designed for ex-president US Grant - helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets. Made with black broadcloth, heavy silver metal mountings, flat top, full French plate glass.

Answer 40

Style E State Casket

Question 41

1800s - three major type of burial receptacles - wooden coffin, metallic mummy case, and cloth-covered metal reinforced burial case; never truly accepted by the industry or public

Answer 41

Also Rans

Question 42

related to the concept of live burial concept - movement of hand or head cause coffin lid to spring open

Answer 42

Christian Eisenbrandt

Question 43

German professor credited as being the Father of Embalming - first successful system of arterial embalming using the Y incision to open both the thoracic and abdominal cavities and treat the organs

Answer 43

Frederick Ruysch

Question 44

chemist who wrote a book called the History of Embalming which contained actual instructions on how to embalm

Answer 44

Jean Gannal

Question 45

English physician who discovered the circulation of blood in 1628

Answer 45

Dr William Harvey

Question 46

discovery of bacteria in 1683, "Father of Bacteriology"

Answer 46

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 47

those who practiced undertaking outside of legitimate professions

Answer 47

sawdust and tar

Question 48

method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism

Answer 48

hand pump

Question 49

apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (.43 lbs of pressure per foot of elevation)

Answer 49

gravity injector

Question 50

long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Samuel Roger (Philadelphia); used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids

Answer 50

trocar

Question 51

Father of American Embalming

Answer 51

Dr Thomas Holmes

Question 52

1st patent for a process of embalming the body in 1856, mixture of arsenic and alcohol, electrically charging the body

Answer 52

J Anthony Gaussardia

Question 53

traveling salesman to promote the embalming chemicals

Answer 53

drummers

Question 54

founder of restorative art

Answer 54

Joel Crandall