Final Flashcards by Caleb Spreiter

Chronic transmural inflammatory disease of the distal ileum & colon. Rectum is not involved. Pt has perianal fistulas or abscesses & non-bloody diarrhea. Smoking increases the likelihood

Crohn’s Disease AKA Regional Enteritis; Granulomatous Ileitis, Ileocolitis

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Discontinuous lesions assoc. w/ Crohn’s Disease are AKA?

Skip lesions

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Chronic inflammatory disease arising in the mucosa & submucosa of the colon. Smoking decreases risk.

Ulcerative colitis

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What is the M/C clinical presentation of Ulcerative colitis?

Bloody Diarrhea

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Diverticula M/C’ly occur in what part of the colon?

Sigmoid colon

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Diverticula that contain all layers of the affected area are called what?

True diverticula

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False or pseudo diverticula have mucosa only going through what layer?

Muscular layer

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Multiple diverticula in the colon is called what? Typically asymptomatic but can become inflamed & bleed

Diverticulosis

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What individuals are typically affected by diverticulosis?

> 40 yr old. Individuals w/ a low fiber diet

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Inflammation of the diverticula is called what?

Diverticulitis

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What % of diverticula that become inflamed resolve on their own?

75%

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This is a congenital anomaly in distal ileum w/i 100cm (3ft) of ileocecal valve that occurs M/C’ly in older children. Represents persistent prox. end of yolk sac, sometimes becomes attached to inside of umbilicus. M/C diverticulum in the small bowel

Meckel’s Diverticulum

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Acute longitudinal tear or ulcer in squamous epithelium of anal canal from large stool passage w/ secondary infection

Anal fissures

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Anorectal abscesses are M/C’ly caused by what?

Bacterial infection

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Tube-like tract w/ one opening in the anal canal & the other usually in the perianal skin. Assoc. w/ Crohns

Anorectal Fistula

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Episodic rectal pain lasting <20mins d/t spasm of levator ani muscle

Levator Syndrome

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Acute abscess or chronic drainage sinus in the sacrococcygeal region (cyst formation under skin)

Pilonidal Disease

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Inflammation of anus & the distal rectal mucosa from infection (STD or bacterial), IBD or radiation

Proctitis

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What is the M/C etiology of proctitis?

STD’s

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Proctitis may develop d/t long term use of what type of medication?

Antibiotics

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Painless protrusion of rectum thru the anus

Rectal prolapse

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What is the M/C benign tumor of the esophagus?

Leiomyoma (excellent prognosis for recovery)

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What are the 2 M/C malignant tumors of the esophagus?

Squamous cell carcinoma (M/C)

Adenocarcinoma (2nd M/C)

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What are features of squamous cell carcinoma?

Caused by alcohol/tobacco
M/C occurrence in Asia & South Africa
M/C in African Americans

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What are features of adenocarcinoma?

Caused by smoking (but not alcohol) Seen in distal esophagus (Barrett's) 50% Caucasian esophageal cancers M/C'ly affects males

What is the 2nd M/C cancer worldwide?

Stomach cancer

What bacteria plays a significant role in stomach cancer?

H. pylori

Type of cancer that makes up 95% of all stomach cancers?

Gastric adenocarcinoma

What sign is not commonly assoc. w/ small bowel tumors?

Polyps

Polyps of the colon & the rectum are M/C'ly seen in what part?

Sigmoid area

Any mass of tissue that arises from the bowel wall & protrudes into the lumen is known as what?

Polyps

Primary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas M/C'ly occurs in what part of the pancreas?

Pancreatic head (80%)

What two things ARE NOT risk factors for primary adenocarcinoma in the pancreas?

Alcohol | Caffeine

Gastrin-producing tumor located in pancreas or duodenal walls. Gastric acid hyper-secretion leads to peptic ulcer

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome AKA Z-E syndrome, Gastrinoma

What is the most metabolically complex organ in the body?

Liver

Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity M/C'ly caused by portal hypertension from liver disease is called what?

Ascites

Yellowing of the skin, sclera & other tissues caused by excess circulating hyperbilirubinemia

Jaundice

What are s/s assoc. w/ jaundice?

Nausea Vomiting Dark urine

Conjugation (4th step) during bilirubin metabolism allows what to happen to bilirubin?

Becomes water soluble and can pass through kidneys

Syndrome that causes impaired excretion of bilirubin. Liver itself is healthy but dark

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

Rare & severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Most pts die before 1 yr of age

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

What is consider normal pressure in the portal system?

5-10mmHg

What are the 2 M/C etiologies for portal hypertension?

Liver cirrhosis | Hepatic Vascular Abnormalities (increased resistance to blood flow from ds w/i liver)

Alcohol causes liver injury that can progress to what 3 pathologies?

Fatty liver Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis of liver

What are 3 major factors assoc. w/ alcoholic liver disease?

Quantity of alcohol consumed Duration of alcohol abuse Nutritional status of pt

Where is alcohol absorbed in the GI tract?

Readily absorbed from stomach & sm. intestine. Can't be stored, goes straight to liver

What is the difference in prognosis b/w fatty liver/alcohol hepatitis vs fibrosis/cirrhosis?

Fatty liver/alcohol hepatitis is reversible | Fibrosis/cirrhosis is not reversible

This liver ds is a leading cause of death worldwide

Liver cirrhosis

Type of hepatitis that is spread primarily by fecal-oral contact & may occur in areas of poor hygiene (daycare)

Hep A AKA Infectious Hepatitis

Type of hepatitis that is transmitted via blood or blood products, or bodily fluids, & can be spread via sexual intercourse

Hep B AKA Serum hepatitis

Type of hepatitis that requires the presence of Hep B

Hep D AKA Delta agent

Type of hepatitis that is transmitted via fecal-oral route d/t contaminated water & found in developing countries. Much more virulent in pregnant women

Hep E AKA Epidemic hepatitis (was part of non-A & non-B hepatitis)

Type of hepatitis that is the M/C blood-borne infection & leading cause of chronic liver disease. Seen in drug users, not usually sexually transmitted

Hep C (was part of non-A, non-B hepatitis)

Type of hepatitis that is related to hep C virus

Hep G

If you seen a pt w/ viral hepatitis, you must do what?

Report to local health department

A person that was previously healthy/stable that suddenly in a short time deteriorates is a red flag for what pathology?

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma) (primary liver cancer)

What sign is assoc. w/ gallbladder & bile duct disorders?

Murphy's Sign

Presence of one or more calculi in the gallbladder. Can be either asymptomatic (85%) or produce biliary colic pain (RUQ)

Cholelithiasis AKA Gallstones

What are the 2 types of gallstones (don't think soft tissue rad)?

Cholesterol stones - 85% of gallstones in western world | Pigment stones - 15% of gallstones

Inflammation of the gallbladder (acute or chronic)

Cholecysitis

M/C complication of cholelithiasis. Develops over hours from cystic duct obstruction by gallstones

Acute cholecystitis

Formation or presence of stones in the bile ducts, usually pigment stones.

Choledocholithiasis

Bacterial infection of the bile ducts (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter)

Cholangitis

Symptoms assoc. w/ Cholangitis are called Charcot's triad which is composed of what?

Abdominal pain Jaundice Fever or chills

Painful or uncomfortable urination (common in UTI's)

Dysuria

Urine output over 3 liters per day (2500ml)

Polyuria

Bed-wetting. Involuntary passage of urine while sleeping

Enuresis (nocturnal enuresis)

The male reproductive system is controlled by a feedback circuit involving what endocrine organs

Hypothalamus Pituitary Testes

Male sexual dysfunction is when drugs or physical & psychological disorders affect any one of what 4 sexual functions?

Libido Erection Ejaculation Orgasm

Type of incontinence where urgent need to void just before uncontrolled urine leakage occurs

Urge Incontinence (M/C in elderly)

Type of incontinence that occurs w/ abrupt increase in intra-abdominal pressure i.e. coughing, laughing, sneezing, etc

Stress incontinence

Type of incontinence w/ dribbling of urine from overly full bladder

Overflow incontinence

Type of incontinence w/ loss of urine d/t cognitive or physical impairments (stroke/dementia)

Functional Incontinence

Type of neurogenic bladder that occurs from peripheral nerve or spinal cord damage at S2-S4

Flaccid neurogenic bladder

Type of neurogenic bladder that occurs from brain or spinal cord damage above T12 (Stroke)

Spastic neurogenic bladder

Pain along the T-11/T-12 dermatome is a symptom of what urinary tract problem?

Obstructive Uropathy AKA Urinary Tract OBstruction

95% of UTI's occur when bacteria do what?

Ascend from urethra to bladder & then move upward to kidney

What is the M/C bacteria to cause UTI?

E. coli

Bacterial infection of the urethra. S/s include dysuria & urethral discharge (pus)

Urethritis

Bacterial infection of the bladder. S/s include sudden onset, increased freq., painful urination, nocturia, low grade fever, abdominal symptoms

Cystitis

Hereditary disorder of renal cyst formation causing gradual enlargement of both kidneys & can lead to renal failure. May also have hepatic/pancreatic/intestinal cysts, colonic diverticula, or hernias

Cystic kidney disease (Polycystic kidney disease)

Rapid onset, rapid decrease in renal function over days

Acute renal failure

Accumulation of nitrogenous products in blood. Assoc. w/ acute renal failure

Azotemia

Decrease in renal function that develops slowly over months to years

Chronic Renal failure

What is the difference b/w Nephritic Syndrome & Nephrotic Syndrome?

Nephritic Syndrome presents w/ hematuria | Nephrotic Syndrome presents w/ proteinuria

Orchitis (inflammation of the testes) is M/C'ly caused by what?

Mumps

Fibrosis of the corpus cavernosus sheaths of the penis. Painful erection & deviated, usually to involved side

Peyronie's Disease

Inability to retract the foreskin of the penis

Phimosis

Entrapment of the penis foreskin in the retracted position

Paraphimosis

Painful, persistent, abnormal erection unaccompanied by sexual desire or excitation

Priapism

Excessive accumulation of sterile fluid w/i tunica vaginalis

Hydrocele

Scrotal swelling w/ non-sterile fluid (pus). D/t complication of severe epididymitis

Pyocele

Accumulation of blood w/i tunica vaginalis secondary to trauma

Hematocele

Spermatic cyst similar to hydrocele. Painless at upper poles of testes

Spermatocele

Collection of large veins, usually in L scrotum. Bag of worms appearance that goes away when laying down

Varicocele

Testicular torsion M/C'ly occurs in which teste?

L teste

Digital rectal exam can be used to determine what about the prostate?

Size Symmetry Texture Nodules

What is the M/C risk factor for bladder cancer?

Smoking

What stage of renal cancer is when the tumor has spread to the vena cava or renal vein?

Stage IIIA

What stage of renal cancer is when the tumor is confined to a renal capsule?

Stage I

What stage of renal cancer is when the tumor has invaded adjacent organs & has distant metastases?

Stage IV

What stage of renal cancer is when the tumor is not extending beyond Gerota's fascia membrane around kidney/adrenal/fat?

Stage II

What stage of renal cancer is when the tumor has spread to the regional lymph nodes?

Stage IIIB

What is the M/C type of penile cancer & who is affected most?

Squamous cell carinoma | Usually occur in elderly uncircumcised men w/ poor local hygiene

What is penile cancer caused by?

HPV Bowen's Disease Erythroplaia of Queyrat

What is the M/C non-dermatologic cancer in men over the age of 50? M/C in african americans

Prostate cancer

Over what age are most prostate cancers found?

Over 65 w/ median age of 72 (75%)

How is tx for prostate determined?

Depends on age of pt & extent of the tumor. <70yr old = radical prostectomy

What is the M/C solid cancer in males aged 15-35?

testicular cancer

What is the M/C type of urethral cancer?

Squamous cell

Final Flashcards

(110 cards)