Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the sociometer theory?
A
The SE system is an internal, psychological gauge that monitors the degree to which the individual is being included versus excluded by other people
- Self-esteem, then, is an internal representation of social acceptance and rejection
2
Q
What is self-determination theory?
A
Healthiest functioning is reflected in not being preoccupied by SE
- Behaving according to your true self, not a contingent self
3
Q
What is effectance?
A
the drive to be an effective agent in the environment, any environment
4
Q
What is the regulatory focus theory?
A
as people orient themselves to the future, they regulate their actions according to two fundamental principles:
- promotion focus: motivated agent aims to promote the self by approaching situations that promise reward, growth, expansion
- prevention focus: motivated agent aims to protect the self by preventing harm, actively avoiding situations that threaten the self
5
Q
What is self-concordant goal selection?
A
selecting goals that are consistent with our underlying motivations and with the skills and talents we have
6
Q
What are primary control strategies?
A
When one tries actively to change the environment to fit their goal pursuits
7
Q
What are secondary control strategies?
A
involve changing the self to adjust to limitations and constraints in the environment
8
Q
What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
A
- Trust – 1st year of life
- Autonomy – age 2
- Initiative – age 4-5
- Industry – childhood to mid-adolescence
- Identity – late adolescence/young adulthood (especially crucial)
- Intimacy – young adulthood
- Generativity – midlife
- Integrity – old age
9
Q
According to McAdams, what is identity about?
A
mainly about exploring and ultimately committing to specific life goals and values for the long haul
10
Q
What does identity formation consist of?
A
Exploration: genuinely looking at and experimenting with alternative beliefs and directions
Commitment: choosing to pursue certain roles and outlooks that define how you see yourself fitting into adult world
11
Q
What is identity diffusion?
A
Agents are not exploring and they have made no commitments
12
Q
What is moratorium?
A
exploration, but no commitment yet
13
Q
What is identity achievement?
A
To have explored various options already and are now committed
14
Q
What is foreclosure?
A
one has decided what to do without looking at the options
15
Q
What are the key features of identity diffusion?
A
Alienated and isolated, distant from parents
- Apathy and dysphoria
16
Q
What are the key features of foreclosure?
A
Goal-directed, very close to family, choose similar friends
- Confidence and sureness
17
Q
What are the key features of moratorium?
A
Preoccupied and struggling, marked ambivalence toward parents
- Anxiety and doubt
18
Q
What are the key features of identity achievement?
A
Trust themselves, able to explain their choices, view parents in a balanced way
- Reflective confidence
19
Q
What is isolate intimacy status?
A
lacks enduring personal relationships
20
Q
What is stereotyped intimacy status?
A
relationships lack depth
21
Q
What is pre-intimate intimacy status?
A
friends but not commitment
22
Q
What is the intimate intimacy status?
A
commitment and mutuality
23
Q
What is generativity?
A
an adult’s concern for and commitment to the wellbeing of youth and future generations, as evidence by teaching, mentoring and other activities aimed at passing a positive legacy to the next generation
24
Q
What is stagnant generativity?
A
shallow involvement and narrow scope
25
What is pseudo-generative generativity?
shallow involvement and wide-scope
26
What is conventional generativity?
deep involvement and narrow scope
27
What is generative generativity?
deep involvement and wide scope
28
What are the 3 components in McAdams' model of generativity?
- Generative concerns
- Generative acts
- Generative strivings or commitments
29
What are the differences in generativity regarding parenting?
- More involved in schooling
| - Authoritative parenting style
30
What are neurodevelopmental disorders, according to the DSM-5?
Heterogenous conditions characterized by developmental deficits in a variety of domains: social, cognition, motor, language
31
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
characterized by the deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted, repetitive, and stereotypical behaviours
32
What is the specific criteria for diagnosing ASD?
- Persistent deficit in social communication and interaction
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, and activities
- Symptoms must be present in early developmental period
- Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social and occupational functioning
- These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay
33
What is secure in relation to the Big 5?
low N, high E (especially social dominance), high A
34
What is anxious in relation to the Big 5?
very high N
35
What is avoidant in relation to the Big 5?
low E, low A
36
What is the grand theory of John Bowlby?
Primary function of attachment: protection from danger
| Secondary proposition: emotion regulation
37
What is the internal working model of a secure infant?
trust, exploration, base
38
What is the internal working model of an insecure infant?
distrust, anxiety, pessimism
39
What are D babies?
* Disorganized babies
* Face incredibly difficult home circumstances
* Very rare
40
What developmental outcomes are associated with security of attachment?
* Exploration
* Task mastery
* Emotional adaptation
* Social adaptation
41
What is autonomy?
to behave with a sense of volition, willingness, and congruence, thus acting according to one’s true feelings
42
What are autonomous behaviours?
initiated and regulated deliberately based on an awareness of one’s needs and integrated goals
43
What are controlled behaviours?
initiated and regulated by controls in the environment such as reward structures or internally controlling imperatives indicating how one “should” or “must” behave
44
What are impersonal behaviours?
regulation is perceived to be beyond intentional control
45
What is integrated functioning?
Coherence and unity in one’s personality and experience
| - Derives from being aware and non-defensive
46
What is Murray's definition of autonomy?
to resist influence of coercion; to defy an authority or to seek freedom in a new place; to strive for independence (wrong idea)
47
What is Ryan's view on autonomy?
Autonomy does not entail being subject to no external influences
- It is in subjective agreement to some inputs and not others that the question of autonomy becomes meaningful
48
What is pseudo (reactive) autonomy?
When you never rely on others
49
How is reactive autonomy associated with the big 5 traits?
Reactive autonomy is low in A and high in E
50
What is narrative identity?
The internalized and evolving story of the self that the person consciously and unconsciously constructs to bind together the many different aspects of the self
51
What is the narrative process?
From adolescence through young adulthood, we construct an identity by experiencing events, narrating those experiences to others, editing the narrations in response to others’ reactions, experiencing new events, narrating those new events in light of past narrations, and on and on
52
What is the reminiscence bump?
we remember more events from late adolescence and early adulthood than any other period
53
What is autonomy support?
Environments that encourage choice and innovation
54
What is the ethic of autonomy?
The Golden Rule—treat people how you want to be treated
55
What is the ethic of community?
Evolution has shaped humans to respond with anger when somebody betrays the group
56
What is the equation of morality?
Morality = agency + patient
57
What are beneficiaries?
when patients are helped by a good agent
58
What is sacred canopy?
The idea that religion brings people together under a common sociomoral banner
59
What is restoration?
the urge to restore something good that has been lost
60
What is reform?
Tendency to distrust the past and look eagerly to establish a new and better future
61
What is motivated social cognition?
As motivated agents, human beings formulate social attitudes and values that meet underlying needs and goals
62
What are the prime determinants of variation in political values among adults?
(1) genetic differences between people
(2) the effects of assortative mating (politically like-minded people marry each other, reinforcing their political values)
(3) big environmental events, such as war or economic depression
63
What are cohort effects?
how people raised in one generation differ from those from another generation as a function of different historical experiences
64
What is the difference between North Americans and Asians in terms of narrative identity?
```
• North Americans
- Earlier age of first childhood memory
- More detailed childhood memories
- More self-focused
- Individual and one-time events
- Shows uniqueness
• Asians
- Greater emphasis on social interactions
- Focus more on important others
- Shows learning
```
65
What was the average age remembered in the 2008 study?
23
66
What is agency in narrative identity?
the degree to which a protagonist can effect change in their own life or influence others in the environment
67
What is communion in narrative identity?
the degree to which the protagonist demonstrates or experiences interpersonal connections through love, friendship, dialogue, or connection to a broad collective
68
What is redemption in narrative identity?
scenes in which a demonstrably “bad” or emotionally negative event or circumstance leads to a demonstratable “good” or positive outcome
69
What is contamination in narrative identity?
scenes in which a good event turns dramatically bad, such that the negative emotion overwhelms, destroys, or erases the effects of the preceding positivity
70
What is coherence in narrative identity?
the extent to which a narrative demonstrates clear causal sequencing, thematic integrity, and appropriate integration of emotional responses
71
What is complexity in narrative identity?
the level of structural differentiation and integration shown in the narrative
72
What is meaning making in narrative identity?
the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event
73
What is causal coherence?
linking life events to one’s developing sense of self
74
What is thematic coherence?
evaluative or reflective connections between episodes in the story
75
What are qualities the story should have?
coherence, openness, credibility, differentiation, reconciliation
76
How does therapy help?
therapeutic alliance, autonomous motivation, narrative disclosure
77
How are big 5 traits related to life narratives?
C – joy in work accomplishments
A – joy in social accomplishments
N – negative emotions and contamination plots
O – especially complex; multiple plots and higher levels of coherence
78
What are paradigmatic expressions of human thought?
the kinds of analytic, logical strategies we learn in school
79
What is the narrative mode of human thought?
people create stories about intentional agents who pursue goals over time
80
What is verisimilitude?
Lifelikeness
81
What is scaffolding?
parents’ conversational interactions with their children help to build children’s memory skills and their facility in sharing their memories and experiences with other people
82
What is autobiographical reasoning?
to a wide set of interpretive operations through which people derive personal meanings from their own autobiographical memories
83
What are the milestones in the development of narrative identity?
```
2-3: autobiographical memory
3-4: theory of mind
5-6: story structure
10-14: cultural (life course) script
12-25: autobiographical reasoning + advanced storytelling skills
```
84
What is the self-defining memory?
vivid, affectively charged, repetitive, linked to other similar memories, and related to an important unresolved theme or recurrent concern in an individual’s life
85
What are key characteristics of episodic memories?
Need satisfaction and thwarting (opposition)
86
What is integrative emotion regulation?
sometimes feeling negative emotions helps me to understand important things about myself (best way)
87
What is dysregulation of emotion?
I often behave under the influence of my negative emotions, even if I don’t want to behave like that
88
What are the 3 keys parts of a memory that lead to wellbeing and growth?
autonomy + competence + relatedness
89
What is the free trait theory?
If there’s some really valuable goal, we can act outside of our traits
- We have to be willing to show social courage if we want this to happen
90
What are safety behaviours?
deliberate actions that anxious people adopt to minimize negative outcomes (subtle and indirect)
91
What are the key traits for a positive affect system?
Social courage and assertiveness (which also leads to extraversion)
92
What does SE and and social inclusion require?
Requires that you feel connected and valued by others
93
What are the 6 themes that comprise the redemptive self in generative adults?
```
Beginning:
- early advantage
- suffering of others
- moral steadfastness
Middle:
- redemption sequences
- power vs love
Ending:
- positive future
```
94
What are redemption sequences in life narratives?
Negative life events are redeemed by positive outcomes, or else the narrator finds positive meanings for life in negative life experiences
95
What is the narrative unconscious?
Where experiences that are so bad that they cannot be told are stored
96
What are positive illusions?
The tendency to overlook the most negative aspects of life events and exaggerate the positive meanings
97
What is atonement?
the move from sin to salvation
98
What is upward social mobility?
rags to riches
99
What is liberation?
slavery to freedom
100
What is recovery?
sickness to recovery of health, innocence, wholeness, etc.
101
What is ego integrity?
to accept one’s life as having been a worthwhile endeavor
102
What is socio-emotional selectivity?
when people experience a shorter time perspective for the future, they focus on keeping hold of those people and experiences that are most near and dear
103
What are the two important developments of the emergence of SE?
- rising expectations from parents and teachers
| - tendency to compare themselves
104
What is a personal fable?
The idea that many young teenagers secretly imagine their lives as fantastical stories of greatness and distinction
105
What are the 5 moral foundations?
- Care/harm
- Fairness/cheating
- Loyalty/betrayal
- Authority/subversion
- Sanctity/degradation
106
At what age do human infants prefer good guys to bad guys in simple moral scenarios?
6 months
107
At what age do humans show a strong preference for fairness in the allotment of rewards and punishments?
2 years
108
What moral emotions contribute to the development of conscience and ultimately moral traits?
Guilt and empathy
109
What are the 5 moral foundations?
- Care/harm
- Fairness/cheating
- Loyalty/betrayal
- Authority/subversion
- Sanctity/degradation
110
What is the first step in becoming a moral agent?
Making an explicit moral judgement
111
What do political conservatives score higher on than liberals?
death anxiety, fear of threat and loss, need for order, and self-esteem
112
What do political liberals score higher on than conservatives?
tolerance for uncertainty, sensation seeking, and openness to experience
113
What is the fundamental motivational difference between conservatives and liberals?
protection and provision
114
Where does culture exert its most powerful influence?
At the level of the autobiographical author
115
What is a culture's master narrative?
A culture’s master narratives provide vital resources for the construction of narrative identity while, at the same time, severely constraining the kinds of lives that people can live
116
What is the age 5-7 shift?
The age 5–7 shift tracks the emergence of a suite of psychological phenomena (e.g., cognitive development, self-esteem) and societal arrangements (e.g., elementary schooling) that work together to transform the child into a more or less rational, purposeful, and planful agent
