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PSY 305 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cutaneous mean?

A

Cutaneous = anything related to the skin – involved in the somatosensory system

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2
Q

What are the three parts to the somatosensory system?

A

Cutaneous senses
Proprioception
Kinesthesis

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3
Q

What are Cutaneous Senses?

A

Perception of touch and pain from stimulation of skin

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4
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The ability to sense position of body and limbs

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5
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

The ability to sense movement of body and limbs

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6
Q

What is the skin?

A

Skin – heaviest and largest organ in the body

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7
Q

What types of functions does the skin serve?

A

Warns us of danger

Protects us from bacteria

Helps keep our organs in the body

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8
Q

What are the structures of the skin?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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9
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Epidermis – outer layer of the skin (visible to us)

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10
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Dermis – below the epidermis

This is where mechanoreceptors live.

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11
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

sensory receptors that respond to pressure, stretching, and vibration.

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12
Q

What are the two ways that neurons fire in the skin?

A

Slowly (SA) and Rapidly (RA) Adapting

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13
Q

What are slowly adapting (SA) receptors?

A

Slowly adapting (SA) receptors – continuous firing from pressure

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14
Q

What are rapidly adapting (RA) receptors?

A

– firing only occurs at the beginning and end of a pressure; no firing occurs in the middle

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15
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors located near the epidermis?

A

MERKEL LIKE URKEL SA1

Meissner like WEISnER RA1

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16
Q

What is the Merkel

receptors (SA1)?

A

Slowly adapting receptor

Perceiving specific details of touch (e.g., dots for braille)

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17
Q

What are the Meissner corpuscles (RA1)?

A

Rapidly adapting receptor

Perceiving handgrip control (e.g., holding a pencil with entire hand)

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18
Q

What are cutaneous receptive fields?

A
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19
Q

What size are the cutaneous receptive fields for SA1 and RA1?

A
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20
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors located deeper in the dermis?

A
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21
Q

What are Ruffini cylinders (SA2)?

A
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22
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC)?

A
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23
Q

What size are the cutaneous receptive fields

for SA2 and RA2?

A
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24
Q

Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Merkel receptors (SA1):

A
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25
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Meissner corpuscles (RA1)
26
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Ruffini cylinders (SA2),
27
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC).
28
Know the neural pathway from the skin to the brain:
29
What are the two major pathways into the | spinal cord?
30
What information do the two major pathways carry?
31
What is the medial lemniscal pathway?
32
What is the spinothalamic pathway?
33
Where do the neurons fire after going from the two | pathways into the spinal cord?
34
What is the entrolateral nucleus of the thalamus?
35
What are the somatosensory cortices?
36
What is the parietal lobe?
37
What is the somatosensory cortex?
38
What is the homunculus?
39
How are parts of our bodies represented in the homunculus?
40
Why are there magnification in certain parts of the body and not others?
41
What is experience-dependent plasticity?
42
How does this process change one’s cortical | representation?
43
What is tactile acuity?
44
What are the two different ways of perceiving tactile acuity?
45
What is the two-point threshold?
46
What is rating acuity?
47
What does it mean by higher density in the Merkel | receptors?
48
What does it mean by high tactile acuity – what does it represent in terms of the size of the cutaneous receptive fields in the skin?
49
What is Pacinian corpuscle?
50
What does it help us to perceive?
51
What are corpuscles and how do the receptors fire during vibration?
52
What is surface texture?
53
What is the duplex theory of texture perception?
54
What are spatial cues?
55
What are temporal cues?
56
What is the difference between active and passive touch?
57
What is haptic perception?
58
What is psychophysical research?
59
How long does it take for people to identify objects accurately?
60
What is the sensory system?
61
What is the motor system?
62
What is the cognitive system?
63
What is pain? What is its function?
64
What are the three different types of pain?
65
What is inflammatory pain?
66
What is neuropathic pain?
67
What is nociceptive pain?
68
What are nociceptors?
69
What is the direct pathway model of pain?
70
What are some problems with this model?
71
Describe what phantom limb is!
72
What is the gate control model?
73
How does this model work?
74
What are the three pathways for activating the gate control system?
75
What are mechanoreceptors?
76
What is the central | control?
77
What are the four cognitive ways of influencing pain?
78
What is expectation?
79
What is shifting attention?
80
What is content of emotional distraction?
81
What hypnotic suggestion?
82
What is the multimodal nature of pain?
83
Define sensory and | affective
84
What are opioids?
85
How do chemicals in the brain affect pain perception?
86
Why do we have opiate receptors?
87
What is empathy?
88
What part of the brain is associated with people feeling a sense of pain when watching someone else experiencing pain?
89
What is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?
90
What is gustation?
91
What is olfaction?
92
How are these two senses “gatekeepers” of the body?
93
How long do your taste and olfactory receptors live and die?
94
salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami.
95
What is the function of the taste system?
96
Is there always a perfect connection between taste and effect of substance?
97
What are papillae?
98
What are the four categories of papillae?
99
filiform papillae
100
fungiform papillae
101
foliate papillae
102
circumvilliate papillae
103
Where are taste buds located in the tongue?
104
How many taste buds are there in the tongue?
105
In each taste bud, how many taste cells are there?
106
What do the tips of the taste cells identify?
107
How does transduction work for taste?
108
Where do the taste cells send electrical signals to in the nerves going towards the brain?
109
horda tympani nerve,
110
Glossopharyngeal nerve
111
vagus nerve
112
superficial petronasal nerve
113
Where do electrical signals from the tongue, mouth, and throat travel through to the brain?
114
nucleus of the solitary tract
115
What is the difference between population coding and specificity coding?
116
What are PTC and PROP?
117
What do they show regarding tasters, nontasters, and supertasters?
118
What is olfaction?
119
What function does olfaction serve?
120
What is the difference between | macrosmatic and microsmatic smell?
121
What are pheromones?
122
What has research shown regarding pheromones?
123
``` What is isolated congenital anosmia (ICA)? ```
124
What is anosmia?
125
How many different odors can humans discriminate?
126
What is the difference between identifying and naming odors?
127
What are the two stages of perceiving odor?
128
Describe the olfactory process
129
Where do odor molecules enter?
130
What does the olfactory mucosa contain that is important for odor chemicals to be carried as electrical signals to the brain (transduction)?
131
What do the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) | have?
132
How many different types of olfactory receptors do we have?
133
For each of these different receptors, how many neurons represent those receptors?
134
What are the glomeruli?
135
Where are they located?
136
What type of mapping does the olfactory bulb construct?
137
Where do neurons (glomeruli) fire from the olfactory bulb?
138
What are odor objects?
139
Describe the process of how people are able to form representations of odor objects – where are neural patterns of odor established in the brain?
140
What is flavor?
141
What is the retronasal route?
142
How is this route involved in identifying flavors?
143
What is oral capture?
144
What brain area is important for taste and olfaction to detect flavor and perceptually represent food?
145
What are bimodal neurons and where are they located?
146
What are two influences of flavor?
147
What is the Proust effect?
148
What brain areas are activated in the Proust effect?

PSY 305 (2 decks)

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