Final Flashcards
1
Q
4 signs of pregnancy?
A
- Membrane slip
- Amniotic vesicles
- Fetus
- Placentomes
2
Q
What can you detect >30 days?
A
Fluctuance, membrane slip
3
Q
What can you detect 35-60 days?
A
amniotic vesicle
4
Q
What can you detect >65 days?
A
fetus
5
Q
What can you detect >90 days?
A
placentomes
6
Q
What is fremitus and when do you detect it?
A
vibration on palpation due to hypertrophy of middle uterine artery. Occurs around 4 months of gestation.
7
Q
What do you do if you see twins in cows?
A
DO NOT crush, this will harm both! Monitor because cow likely to undergo dystocia, milk fever or metritis
8
Q
What is 99% effective in identifying open cows?
A
P4
9
Q
What is associated with viral infection, has no bacterial contamination or endometrial inflammation?
A
fetal mummification
10
Q
What is associated with infection, bones remain & endometrial inflammation present?
A
Fetal maceration
11
Q
Between uterine and vaginal prolapse, which one requires a purse string suture?
A
vaginal prolapse; not part of question but can also use purse string for rectal prolapse.
12
Q
When should you induce parturition in cow?
A
> 282 days. Do so with prostaglandin + dexamethasone
13
Q
What are the stages of labor?
A
- Dilation
- Expulsion
- Expulsion of fetal membrane
14
Q
Dilation phase
A
oDuration: 2-6 hr
oOccurrence: cervical dilation starts & uterine contractions begin
oSigns: cow is restless & isolates with raised tail
oCalf rotates to upright position
15
Q
Expulsion phase
A
- Duration: 15-90 minutes (avg. 45 min.)
- Occurrence: rupture of chorioallantois & protrusion of amniotic sac (interval b/w ruptures is 15 minutes)
- Signs: Fetus enters birth canal (steps occur in 15-minute intervals)
- 1st: front feet & head protrude
- 2nd: shoulders protrude
- 3rd: calf delivered
16
Q
What labor stage has is there a difference between 1st calving and mature cow?
A
Dilation phase
17
Q
Expulsion of fetal membrane stage
A
- Duration: 2-12 hrs.
- > 12 hr. means retained fetal membrane (retained placenta)
- Immune system produces proteases that breakdown collagen
18
Q
What are the main causes of dystocia? (5)
A
Fetopelvic disproportion Abnormal PPP Twins Fetal monsters Other: weather/metabolic
19
Q
What are the cardinal rules of obstetrics?
A
Cleanliness & lubrication
20
Q
Eutocia
A
Presentation-
longitudinal: anterior or posterior
Position- Dorso-sacral
Posture- Normal
21
Q
Anterior presentation: Alive vs Dead
A
Swallow reflex, pedal reflex, blinking reflex
22
Q
Posterior presentation: Alive vs. Dead
A
pedal reflex, anal reflex or pulsating umbilical cord
23
Q
How much colostrum should calves have?
A
10% body weight within 1-2 hr of calving (3-4 L)
24
Q
Fertilization failure
A
interferes with semen & oocyte for actual fertilization to occur. (5-15%)
25
Early embryonic death
loss of embryo (<42 days of gestation) 15-30%
26
Abortion
expelling fetus before normal parturition- before full term (42-260 days of gestation)
27
Stillborn
viable animal that dies close to parturition or 24-48 hours after birth. (260 day- 24-48 hours after birth)
o Classified as antemortem death & death post parturition
28
What is major cause of abortion in dairy cows?
Neospora caninum
29
Of the lepto spp. which are most concerning for abotion in cattle in the 3rd trimester?
Pomona (incidental), Hardjo (maintenance)
30
Most common cause of infertility in canines?
improper timing of breeding
31
When does the bitch ovulate?
24-28 hours after LH peak
32
When is the bitch most fertile?
4-6 days after LH peak
33
Time of parturition from onset of cytological diestrus in the bitch?
57+/- 1 day
34
When should you breed the bitch?
4-6 days after lH peak
35
What do the P4 values mean?
2-2.9 ng/mL: LH peak occurs
4-10 ng/mL: ovulating (all other spp. would be out of heat/post ovulation)
>10 finished ovulating
36
What is the 2-2-2-2 rule?
When progesterone is 2 ng/mL (assume LH peak), 2 days later she will ovulate, breed 2 days later & breed again 2 days later
37
Time of parturition from LH peak in the bitch?
65 +/-1 days from peak
38
What is unique to canine cylce?
P4 rises before ovulation, as does LH & FSH
| - in other animals, P4 rises after ovulation!
39
Vaginal cytology is used for ovulation timing or to ID when she is most fertile? True/False
False, just helps ID where bitch is in cycle.
40
What indicates the onset of cytological diestrus?
sharp transition from cornification to non-cornification + neutrophils
41
What is the feline & canine placenta type?
endothelial, zonary & deciduate
| - feline do not have uteroverdin
42
Relaxin
used to diagnose pregnancy (dog & cats), produced by placenta
- check once at 28 days post LH peak
43
When should you take rads?
the last week to 10 days of gestation! (45 days to see calcification and 61 for teeth)
44
Gestation Length (Dog)
65+/-1 LH peak
57+/- post diestrus cytology
57-72 days from 1 breeding
- whelp within 1 day of body temp drop (99)
45
When is it appropriate to supplement calcium for a bitch?
whelping and lactation! NOT Pregnancy!
46
Canine herpes virus
o Causes: mummies, abortion, stillborn & premature delivery
| - Pathognomonic- spotted kidneys on neonatal puppy
47
Avg. length of gestation for cat?
65-67 days
48
When can you detect palpable pregnancy in a dog and cat?
Dog: 1 mo post LH/ovulation
Cat:>2 wks gestation
49
What days can you see fetal heart beat in dog and cats?
dog- 25 days post LH peak
| cat- 16 days
50
When can you see calcification on radiographs for cat?
38-43 days gestation to see calcification,
| molars at 56-63 days
51
What is mammary gland hypertrophy?
- Affect young queens, under progesterone influence that can develop gland hypertrophy
- Treat for mastitis & decrease progesterone- spay to remove ovaries or prostaglandin injections
52
What are the whelping stages for canine?
1. Preparation
2. Fetal expulsion phase: active labor; see uteroverdin during delivery
a. Often puppy get stuck down the vestibule (need manual assistance)
3. Placental passage
53
Dystocia rules: Stage 1 & 2
Stage 1 >4 hr
| Stage 2>4 hr no pup or hard contractions >30 min
54
What does frank vulvar hemorrhage mean during parturition?
uterine laceration
55
What does green vulvar discharge mean during parutition?
suggest abortion (meaning placental separation!)
56
What is uterine inertia?
inability of uterine muscle to contract (even with oxytocin!)
- Primary: vagina & passage fine, but instead is hypocalcemic or singleton pup syndrome
- Secondary: has obstruction and can’t push adequately! DONT USE OXYTOCIN with obstruction!
57
What happens if you if oxytocin administer with obstruction?
Uterine laceration
58
What are three forms of fetal oversize?
singleton litters and hydrocephalus (water on brain) or anasarca (edema over puppy bodies & can’t pass- common in bull dogs with unknown reason)
59
Breech position
presenting butt first with no front or hind limbs entering the birth canal.
60
Oxytocin
2-5 u for average dog (SQ or IM) every 30 minutes
- after 3 doses not whelping--> c section
- if is whelping continue until litter out!
* ** DO NOT GIVE WITH OBSTRUCTION***
+/- calcium gluconate to improve oxytocin efficiency
61
What RX should you avoid during a C-section?
Ketamine, Xylazine, Methoxyflurane, Acepromazine
62
What does meconium staining mean?
puppy stained yellow, indicates puppy had in-utero diarrhea-indicates fetal distress
- Recommend antibiotics in case of meconium aspiration
63
How long does whelping take?
30 minutes/puppy
64
When are you ready for a C-section?
puppies can be taken out 2 days before due date!
- P4 <2.0 ng/mL
- Fetal HR <180
* give corticosteroids for final fetal lung & gut maturation*
65
Fetal resuscitation
```
o Vigorous rubbing- stimulate breathing
o Airway- suction
o Breathing- supplement O2.
o Circulation
* NO SWINGING*
```
66
Agalactia
lack of milk production or let-down.
| - Can use acepromazine to facilitate let down!
67
What is the normal uterine involution for a canine?
3 mo + non odorous lochia discharge (4-6wk)
68
Hypocalcemia or Eclampsia
affects small breed with multiple puppies later in lactation:
- Occur 1-4 weeks postpartum
- Signs: nervous, seizures, dilated pupils & death
- TX: IV calcium (slowly) & supplementation
69
What flora can you find in prebreeding culture (dog)?
Staph, strep, e.coli & pasturella
70
What is the most effective/ reliable method of diagnosing vaginal strictures/stenosis or tissue bands?
digital examination
71
Why is AMH measured?
determine if gonad (intact/remnant ovary or crytorchid) present. * must be post-pubertal age*
72
How long is bleeding normal?
<8 weeks
| - can have ovarian cyst, GCT or exogenous estrogen that can cause bleeding to be greater than 8 weeks (proestrus/estrus)
73
What is source of AMH in females?
Ovarian granulosa cells
74
What is source of AMH in males?
testicular sertoli cells
75
When does P2 rise in cats?
post ovulation!
76
What are the three sperm fractions for canines?
prostatic (1,3) & sperm rich
77
What is the correct scrotal orientation for a dog?
tail of epididymis toward tail (caudal)
78
Azoospermia
Ejaculation of seminal fluid
| that does not contain sperm
79
Oligospermia
Low total number of sperm
80
Teratozoospermia
Decreased percentage
| of morphologically normal sperm
81
Asthenozoospermia
Progressive motility
| of less than 70%
82
Did you get a complete ejaculate?
Can check for alkaline phosphatase from epididymis; if you got all 3 fractions should be high
o 1 fraction or bilateral obstruction= low ALP
83
Gestation length for sow?
3 mo, 3 weeks, 3 days
| estrous cycle last 21 days
84
When is the best time to breed sows?
12-36 hours after start of standing heats, because have highest fertility
85
Do you prefer vaginal insemination for a sow?
NO, instead use cervical, uterine body, post cervical or deep horn insemination.
86
AI technique in sow & volume
* Optimal dose: 2-5 x109 motile sperm in 80-100 mL SLOWLY (don’t want back flow)
* Inseminate: 12 hr. from start of standing heat & re-inseminate 6-16 hrs. later.
87
What is a bacteria causing major reproductive failure in sows? * hint- reportable/ zoonotic*
Brucella suis
88
What is #1 virus affecting pig population (swine industry enemy)?
o Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
89
Do you get abortions with porcine parvovirus?
NO, it is a reproductive disease but mainly observe SMEDI- Stillbirth, mummified fetuses, embryonic death & infertility
90
If you take blood to measure P4 at 100 days in ewe, what would the value be?
Low, because luteoplacental shift at gestation day 60, where CL regresses & placenta takes over~ take blood at day 100 won’t see progesterone
91
Of this spp. which is not CL dependent to term?
| Goat, sheep, dog, cat
Sheep
92
What is Biopryn?
Pregnancy specific protein B found in ruminant placenta used to detect pregnancy.
- done when >30 GD
93
inducing parturition in sheep
Induce when >142 GD with glucocorticoids (dexamethasone)~ parturition will occur 36-48 hr.
94
inducing parturition in goats
- Induction use glucocorticoids (>140 days)
- Prostaglandin (>144 GD)
- combination (dex first, then PGD-2a 24 hrs. later) & parturition should occur 32-36 hrs. later
95
What is a major cause of reduced fertility in rams?
Epididymitis: lamb & ram (ram is reportable)
96
What opportunistic bacteria causes lamb epididymitis?
Ascending infection caused mostly by actinobacilius seminis or histophilus somni
97
Other terms for balanoposthitis
“pizzle rot” or enzootic posthitis
98
What bacteria is associated with balanoposthitis?
Corynebacterium renale- produces urease that breaks urea from high protein diet into ammonia.
99
When to intervene in dystocia for small ruminant?
30-30-30 rule
- Kidding started (placenta/fetal part); wait 30 minutes, if no problem, wait an additional 30 minutes before assisting with delivery. Also, wait 30 minutes between each kid!
100
What is the most common cause of dystocia in small ruminant?
head in lateral flexion or forelimb with carpal/elbow flexion
101
When is fetal membrane considered retained in small ruminant?
> 12-18 hr
| TX: normally nothing (Can give prostaglandin +/- abx)
102
Of the infectious causes of abortion in Small ruminant, which is reportable & zoonotic?
Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)
| - Toxoplasmosis, Campylobacterosis are only zoonotic
103
How do you induce ovulation in camelids
Vasectomized male, GnRH, hCG, seminal plasma injection (IM)
104
When can you perform AI in camelids?
- before ovulation (22-24 hr. after induction of ovulation) more convenient & feasible
- after ovulation (w/i 2 hr. after ovulation detected)
105
Where is camelid pregnancy located (right or left horn)?
Left horn & will only be one fetus ( no twins)
106
Where do you look for camelid pregnancy transabdominally?
- 60-90 days of gestation: check left side
| - >90 days: right side
107
What type of follicle is common in cows and horses?
Cow: cystic follicle
Horse: hemorrhagic follicle
108
How is a mucometra different in a camelid than in small ruminant?
Small ruminant- associated with CL
Camelid- associated with vaginal aplasia ( no contact between uterus and vagina so secretions trapped)
109
What are the common camelid culture organisms?
there is no predominant organism so may be: streptococcus, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Bacteroides & Fusobacterium necrophorum
110
What is the testosterone concentration for a camelid?
testosterone concentration (900-2450 pg/mL), which concentration correlates with testicular size.
111
Periparturient problem in camelids?
Uterine torsion occurring after 9 mo gestation.
112
What is the most common uterine torsion in camelids?
caudal to cervix- can detect with vaginal speculum and manual palpation.
113
What is the most common uterine torsion in cows?
cows have torsion caudal to cervix
114
What is the most common uterine torsion in horses?
horses have torsion cranial to cervix
115
What is the main cause of dystocia?
caused by lateral flexion of head (70%) & posterior position or dorso-pubic position (30%)
116
When should you intervene with dystocia in camelid?
Stage 1 >6 hr.
Stage 2 >2 hr.
