Final Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Scientific method in order
A
observation, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, conclusion
2
Q
Property of a proton. (eg. where found/charge)
A
Found in the nucleus. Positive charge.
3
Q
Property of an Electron
eg. where found/charge
A
Found orbiting nucleus. Negative charge
4
Q
Property of a neutron. (eg. where found/charge)
A
found in the nucleus. Neutral charge.
5
Q
How many covalent bonds can be formed? Hydrogen.
A
1 covalent bond
6
Q
How many covalent bonds can be formed? Oxygen
A
2 covalent bonds
7
Q
How many covalent bonds can be formed? Nitrogen
A
3 covalent bonds
8
Q
How many covalent bonds can be formed? Carbon
A
4 covalent bonds
9
Q
strongest to weakest bonds
A
covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds.
10
Q
what are covalent bonds?
A
shared electrons
11
Q
what are ionic bonds?
A
opposite charges attract
12
Q
what are hydrogen bonds?
A
partial opposite charges attract.
13
Q
pH scale for acids
A
0-6 (more H+, less OH-)
14
Q
pH scale for bases
A
8-14 (more OH-, less H+)
15
Q
What is a dehydration reaction?
A
builds polymers, a water molecule is removed to bond monomers together
16
Q
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A
breaks apart polymers, a water molecule is added to break monomers apart.
17
Q
Polymer: carbohydrate
Monomer:?
A
simple sugars (ex. glucose) (monosaccharide)
18
Q
Polymer: Protein
Monomer:?
A
amino acid
19
Q
Polymer: lipid
Monomer:?
A
glycerol and 3 fatty acid
20
Q
Polymer: Nucleic acid
Monomer:?
A
nucleotide
21
Q
Protein structure: Primary
A
sequence of amino acids
22
Q
Protein structure: Secondary
A
hydrogen bonding between amino acids. alpha helix/beta sheet
23
Q
Protein structure: Tertiary
A
protein folds into a three-dimensional structure. R groups form bonds with one another.
24
Q
Protein structure: Quaternary
A
structure in large, multi-subunit proteins
25
Diffusion
movement of molecules form a high concentration to low
26
osmosis
movement of water across a membrane form low concentration to high
27
hypertonic
solution with high solutes, causes cell to shrivel
28
hypotonic
solution with low solutes. cause cell to burst/lyse
29
Isotonic
equal solutes
30
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes - proteins made here
31
smooth ER
synthesizes phospholipids and other lipids
32
Nucleus
store genetic information as long chains of DNA
33
Ribosomes
synthesize proteins
34
Golgi apparatus
Involved in processing, packaging, and secretion of proteins
35
Lysosomes
contain enzymes to break down foreign matter
36
Aerobic
requires oxygen
37
Anaerobic
does not require oxygen
38
Location of glycolysis
cytoplasm
39
Location of pyruvate oxidation
matrix of mitochondria
40
Location of citric acid cycle
matrix of mitochondria
41
describe the role oxygen plays during cellular respiration
oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain and becomes water. Oxygen is also called the final electron acceptor.
42
autosomes
do not determine biological gender
43
sex chromosomes
determines biological gender
44
Prophase
nuclear envelope dissolves, chromatin condenses to from chromosomes
45
prometaphase
spindle fibers attach to centromeres
46
metaphase
chromosomes are aligned at the cells equator
47
telophase
chromosomes at poles of cells
48
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm, cytoplasm pinches off to form 2 identical daughter cells
49
homologous chromosomes
meiosis I
50
sister chromatids
meiosis II
51
describe crossing over
exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes. Occurs during prophase I of meiosis I
52
describe independent assortment
homologous pairs align independently at the equator, there is no specific order in which they line up. Occurs during metaphase I of meiosis I
53
cancer cells lack differentiation
non-specialized
54
cancer cells have abnormal nuclei
enlarged, contain abnormal number of chromosomes
55
cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis
fails programmed cell death
56
cancer cells have unlimited replication
cancer cells are immortal
57
cancer cells lack contact inhibition
cancer cells pile on top of one another, forming a tumor
58
Cancer cells undergo angiogenesis
tumors form new blood vessels
59
cancer cells undergo metastasis
the formation of a tumor for away form the primary tumor
60
radiation
localized cancer
61
chemotherapy
body-wide metastasized cancer
62
Freckles(F)
No freckles(f)
homozygous recessive/heterozygous
what is the genotypic/phenotypic ratio
Genotypic ratio
0:2:2
Phenotypic ratio
2:2
63
hints for determining autosomal recessive in a pedigree chart
if parents are both affected, they can only have affected children. Affected individuals can skip generations. Not many individuals are affected.
64
hints for determining autosomal dominant
Two affected parents can have unaffected children if both parents are heterozygotes. Usually does not skip generations. More individuals are affected in general.
65
Polygenic traits
such as skin color/height are governed by several sets of allels
66
multifactorial traits
traits are subject to environmental influences
67
Pleiotrophy
occurs when a single, mutant gene affects two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits
68
DNA: strands, sugar, bases
2 strands, deoxyribose, ATCG
69
RNA: strands, sugar, bases
1 strand, ribose, AUCG
70
starting and end product of replication
DNA -> DNA
71
start product and end product of transcription
DNA -> mRNA
72
start product and end product of translation
mRNA -> Protein
73
Axon terminal
end of neuron where signal is relayed
74
cell body
contains nucleus and other organelles
75
dendrites
receive signals form sensory receptors or other neurons
76
axon
conducts signal down neuron
77
depolarization
na comes in with +35mV
78
repolarization
K+ leaves resulting in -70mV
79
corpus callosum
extensive bridge of nerves that allow the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate
80
cerebral cortex
outer layer of gray matter that covers the hemispheres, accounts for sensation, voluntary movement and consciousness
81
cerebellum
receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muscles to help maintain posture and balance
82
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temp, and water balance
83
medulla oblongata
contains reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing
84
when is the sympathetic system active?
excitement, emergency (fight or flight)
85
when is the parasympathetic system active?
rest, digest
86
description/example of chemoreceptor
respond to chemical substances. taste/smell
87
description/example of photoreceptor
respond to light energy. sight
88
description/example of mechanoreceptor
stimulated by forces, pressure. hearing/touch
89
description/example of thermoreceptor
stimulated by temperature changes. touch(skin)
90
rods
best at seeing white light
91
cones
best at seeing colors
92
simple cell
1 layer
93
pseudostratified
false layers
94
stratified
layers
95
squamous
flat
96
cuboidal
cube
97
columnar
column
98
negative feedback
effect is opposite of the stimulus
99
positive feedback
effect is the same as the stimulus
100
skeletal muscle cell shape
tubular
101
is smooth muscle striated?
no
102
is cardiac muscle striated?
yes
103
number of nuclei in cardiac muscle
single
104
is skeletal voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
105
is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
106
where is a skeletal muscle found in the body
muscles attached to the skeleton
107
where is a smooth muscle found in the body
blood vessels, internal organs
108
where is a cardiac muscle found in the body
heart wall
109
the action potential is conducted from the nervous system to _
motor neuron
110
motor neuron secretes _
acetylcholine
111
acetylcholine binds to receptors on _
sarcolemma
112
the action potential travels along the sarcolemma and travels down into the membrane through a _
T-tubule
113
this triggers the release of _ from the _
calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
114
The smaller the motor unit...
it has more fine motor control
115
the larger the motor unit...
it has less fine motor control
116
what is the preferred source of energy for muscles?
glycogen
117
mechanical digestion
when food is broken into smaller pieces by chewing
118
chemical digestion
when the bonds in food are broken down by enzymes
119
what does pepsin break down and where is it released?
proteins, stomach
120
what does amylase break down and where is it released?
starch, mouth/pancrease
121
what does trypsin break down and where does it release
proteins, pancrease
122
pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate which...
neutralizes acid chyme(juices from stomach)
123
pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase which...
enzyme that digests starch
124
pancreatic juice contains trypsin which...
enzyme that digests fat
125
pancreatic juice contains pancreatic lipase which...
enzyme that digests fat
126
the pancreas is also an _ gland because it releases the hormones _ and glucagon
endocrine, insulin
127
the function of the large intestine...
dry out/storage of feces. Absorbs what's left of the water
128
describe the function of pulmonary surfactant
pulmonary surfactant lowers surface tension in the alveoli so the alveoli don't collapse when you breathe out.
129
describe the differences in pressure and direction for CO2 and O2
high O2 at alveoli, low rbc O2
rbc high O2, O2 low in tissue
CO2 high in tissue, low rbc CO2
129
describe the differences in pressure and direction for CO2 and O2
- high O2 at alveoli, low rbc O2
- RBC high O2, O2 low in tissue
- CO2 high in tissue, low RBC CO2
- high RBC CO2, low alveoli CO2
130
what order does blood travel through vessels?
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
131
circulation route of blood in the heart
right atrium>right atrioventricular valve>right ventricle>left atrium>left atrioventricular valve>left ventricle
132
systolic pressure
ejection of blood from the heart
133
diastolic pressure
occurs while the left ventricle is relaxing
134
venous valve
valves close as blood flows upward, prevents retrograde flow, faulty veins = varicose veins.
135
skeletal muscle pump
skeletal muscles contract around veins that propels blood upward.
136
how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry?
each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules
137
contrast oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin
oxygen forms a weak bond with hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide forms a strong bond with hemoglobin.
138
function of eosinophils
protect the body from large parasites
139
function of eosinophils
protect the body from large parasites
140
function of monocytes
largest of the white blood cells. mature into macrophages (big eaters)
141
function of lymphocytes
responsible for specific immunity to particular pathogens. come in two varieties: B-cells and T-cells
142
function of neutrophils
most abundant white blood cells in the body. Usually the first responders to bacterial infection
143
function of basophils
along with mast cells, release histamine associated with allergic reaction
144
universal blood donor?
type O
145
Universal blood receiver?
Type AB
146
Innate immunity
non-specific, occurs immediately after infection
147
adaptive immunity
specific, occurs after infection spreads beyond innate immunity
148
role of helper T-cells
release cytokines activate B-cells
149
role of cytotoxic T-cells
kill already infected cells
150
role of memory T-cells
stay in blood and remember infection
151
active immunity
individual makes their own antibodies
152
passive immunity
antibodies are given to an individual
153
first exposure to vaccine shot
small increase in antibodies, short-lived response
154
a second exposure to vaccine shot (booster)
high increase in antibodies, faster, longer lasting
155
bacteria cell wall function
protects bacteria,
156
bacteria flagella function
helps bacteria to move
157
bacteria fimbraie function
allows bacteria to stick to stuff
158
bacteria pilus function
used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
159
epidemic classification
when a disease has more cases than expected for a period of time
160
outbreak classification
epidemic confined to a local region
161
pandemic classification
global epidemic
