Final Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
In negative feedback, an increase in the change of a controlled variable:
A
decreases (opposes) the change
2
Q
In positive feedback, an increase in the change of a controlled variable _______ the change
A
Increases (causes an even greater change in variable)
3
Q
In negative feedback, homeostasis _______
A
increases
positive feedback decreases homeostasis
4
Q
As body temp, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels increase, negative feedback ______ these variables
A
decreases
5
Q
As blood clotting, immune responses, and birth processes increase, positive feedback ______ these responses.
A
increases
6
Q
As protons OR neutrons increase, atomic mass ______
A
increases
atomic mass is simply the sum of protons and neutrons
7
Q
As ONLY protons increase, atomic number ______
A
increases
atomic number is simply the sum of protons
8
Q
As the number of unpaired valence (outer shell) electrons increase, the number of bonds that atom can make ______
A
increase
9
Q
As the number of electrons an atom gains increases, that atoms charge ______
A
Decreases (becomes more negative)
10
Q
As the hydrophobicity of a molecule increases, its ability to dissolve in water _______
A
decreases
11
Q
As the frequency of hydrolysis occurring on a proteins increases, the length of the protein ________
A
decreases
(hydrolysis is using water to BREAK bonds, while dehydration synthesis/condensation is the forming of bonds by the removal of water)
12
Q
As a fatty acid becomes more saturated, it’s tendency to be liquid-like at room temperature _________
A
decreases
saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid-like
13
Q
As solute increases, concentration of that substance ______
A
increases
14
Q
As strong acids are added to a solution, pH of that solution __________
A
decreases
Strong acids almost completely dissolve into H+ and anions
15
Q
As acids react with bases, the number of salts _______
A
increases
16
Q
As [H+] increases, pH _______ and [OH] ________
A
pH decreases and [OH] decreases
remember, the product of [H+] and [OH] is always 10 to the negative 14. As one increases, the other decreases
17
Q
When pH increases by 1 unit, [H+] _______ by 10 times
A
decreases
18
Q
As a strong acid is added to a phosphate buffer solution, the pH of the solution ________
A
stays the same
Generally. This is the entire purpose of buffers
19
Q
As the amount of amino acids on a protein decreases in its number of side groups that function as weak acids/bases, the ability of that protein to act as a buffer __________
A
Decreases.
the ability of a protein to act as a buffer is due to side groups of amino acids that function as weak acids/bases
20
Q
As the ratio of bicarbonate ion increases, the pH of the blood _________
A
increases.
the ratio of CO2/H2CO3 to HCO3- must be 1:20 for physiological pH to be possible
21
Q
During alkalosis, the kidney ______ its secretion of bicarbonate and _______ its secretion of H+
A
increases secretion of bicarbonate and decreases its secretion of H+
22
Q
As rate and depth of respiration increases, concentration of CO2 ________, concentration of H+ ________ and blood pH ________
A
CO2 decreases, H+ decreases, pH increases
23
Q
As rate and depth of respiration decrease, concentration of CO2 ________, concentration of H+ ________ and blood pH ________
A
CO2 increases, H+ increases, blood pH decreases
24
Q
As the kidneys retain bicarbonate, concentration of bicarbonate _______, concentration of H+ ______, and blood pH _________
A
increases, decreases, increases
25
As problems in pH arise from respiration, the respiratory system's ability to fix the problem _______
decreases
| if respiratory was the problem, it can't be the solution, kidneys will do it
26
During respiratory acidosis, the rate of H+ secretion _________and the rate of bicarbonate recovery _________, causing pH to _______
increases, increases, increase
27
Metabolic acidosis can be caused by a(n) _______ of bicarbonate due to diarrhea or vomiting or a ________ in secretion of H+ and recovery of bicarbonate due to kidney failure
decrease, decrease
28
Due to metabolic acidosis, the rate of respiration _______
increases
29
Due to acidosis, the central nervous system ________ in activity
decreases
30
Due to hyperventilation, CO2 levels will ______, causing respiratory alkalosis, a(n) _______ in pH, which will be compensated by a(n) _______ in rate of bicarbonate secretion and H+ recovery
decrease, increase, increase
31
Due to metabolic alkalosis, the rate of respiration will _______ and the rate of H+ secretion and bicarbonate recovery will _________ in order to _______ pH
decrease, decrease, decrease
32
At the optimal range of a buffer, the pH will ______ after adding acid or base
stay the same
33
Alkalosis cause the central nervous system to ______ it's activity
increase
34
As a phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, the ability of CO2, O2, and steroid hormones to diffuse through _______, while that of ions and large molecules _______
Increase, decrease
35
If a cell has a rough ER that is malfunctioning, it's ability to make fats _______
stays the same
| fats are made in smooth ER, while proteins are made in rough ER
36
If a cell's golgi complex is malfunctioning, it's ability to exocytose ______
decreases
37
A cell with a malfunctioning mitochondria would see a _________ in ATP production
decrease
38
As glycogenolysis increases, blood glucose ______
increases
39
as glycogenesis increases, blood glucose ______
decreases
40
As gluconeogenesis increases, blood glucose _______
increases
41
As glycolysis increases, blood glucose ______ and pyruvate _______
decrease, increase
42
If oxygen is absent, pyruvate ______ it's oxidation to Acetyl CoA
decreases
| if O2 is absent, fermentation will occur
43
Lipogenesis results in a(n) ______ in fatty acids
increase
44
triglyceride synthesis results in a(n) ______ of glycerol, _______ of fatty acids, and a(n) _______ in triglycerides
decrease, decrease, increase
45
If Acetyl CoA is over-produced, the entry into the citric acid cycle is _______ and the formation of ketone bodies is _______, which can cause a _______ in pH
decreased, increased, decrease
46
Oxidative deamination causes a _____ in amino acids
decrease
47
Fatty acid oxidation results in a(n) _______ in acetyl CoA
increase
48
Glycerol, Lactate, and amino acids can all _______ blood glucose levels when glycogen storage ______
increase, decreases
49
Insulin causes ________ in gluconeogenesis
decrease
50
Insulin causes _______ in glycolysis, ______ in glycogenesis, _______ in lipogenesis
increase, increase, increase
51
Insulin causes _______ in blood glucose
decrease
52
Glucagon causes ______ in blood glucose
increase
53
glucagon causes _______ in glycogenolysis and _______ in gluconeogenesis, _______ in lipolysis, _______ in amino acid deamination
increase, increase, increase, increase
54
During fermentation, pH _______
decreases
| due to lactic acid
55
In absence of O2, oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA _______, ETC _____, fatty acid oxidation ______, krebs cycle _______, ketogenesis _______, and glycolysis ______
decreases, decreases, decreases, decreases, decreases, and STAYS THE SAME
(glycolysis does not require oxygen)
56
Without enzymes, reaction rates would _______ and would have to occur at _______ temperatures
decrease, increased
57
As electrons are transferred from one protein to the next in the electron transport chain, their energy states _______
decrease
58
pH decreases due to the _______ of ketone bodies
increase
59
As temperature increases, diffusion _______
increases.
Diffusion increases by higher temperature, smaller molecules, larger concentration gradient, larger electrical gradient, higher permeability, and smaller distance
60
During facilitated diffusion, the amount of energy used ______
stays the same
all diffusion occurs without energy, while all active transport uses energy directly or indirectly
61
As hydrostatic pressure increases, filtration ______
increases
62
In very high temperatures, the net movement of water through a membrane permeable only to Na+ will _______
stay the same
Membrane must ONLY be permeable to water for osmosis to occur, in addition to a difference in solutes
63
As the number of osmoles of a molecule increase, the osmolarity of that substance ________
increases
Osmolarity = molarity x osmoles
64
As the number of particles per molecule placed in water increase, the number of osmoles ______
increases
65
When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______
stays the same
66
When a cell is placed in an hypotonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______
increases
67
When a cell is placed in an hypertonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______
decreases
Because water LEAVES the cell in a hypertonic solution
68
As conductance increases, resistance ______
decreases
69
As conductance of a membrane to an ion increases, permeability of the membrane to that ion ______
increases
70
A(n) ________ in pressure that causes movement of charged particles increases Voltage.
increase
71
The higher the resistance, the more there is a(n) ______ in current
decrease
72
The higher the voltage, the more there is a(n) _______ in current
increase
73
When the electrical gradient equals the concentration gradient, movement of molecules ______
stays the same
74
If a membrane divides 100mM KCL and 10 mM KCL, and is equally permeable to both K+ and CL-, the concentration of the 100mM KCL side will ______, and the side with 10mM KCL will _________
decrease, increase
75
The Na+/K+ pump _____ the extracellular concentration of Na+ and _______ the extracellular concentration of K+
increases, decreases
76
Hyperpolarization _______ the membrane potential
decreases
| more negative
77
Hypopolarization _______ the membrane potential
Increase (more positive)
78
Depolarization _______ the membrane potential
increases
79
repolarization ______ the membrane potential
decreases
80
a sub-threshold stimulus will cause a(n) ______ in action potentials
stay the same
81
A ______ in time between sub-threshold stimuli can cause a(n) ________ in action potentials
decrease, increase
82
Hypopolarization of the membrane potential causes a(n) ________ in the permeability of voltage gated sodium channels, at the peak of the action potential, these channels _________ in permeability
increase, decrease
83
An extremely large stimulus will cause a _______ in the magnitude of the action potential and a(n) _________ in the number of action potentials
stays the same, increase
84
The axon hillock has a(n) _______ number of voltage gated Na+ channels, _______ it's ability to propagate action potentials
increased, increasing
85
leak channels, voltage-gated channels, and ligand-gated channels all ______ the excitability of a cell
increase
86
If a neuron is myelinated more than other neurons, it would also have _______ speed of it's conduction of action potentials
increased
87
As myelination decreases, saltatory conduction ______
decreases
88
As the diameter of a neuron increases, the conduction rate ______
increases
89
When a neuron is stimulated, the frequency of action potentials _______
increase
90
When a neuron is inhibited, the frequency of action potentials _______
decrease
91
As frequency of action potential increase, the "tone of the neuron" _____
increases
92
As an action potential reaches the synapse, voltage-gated Ca+ channels ______ in permeability, cause an ________ in intracellular Ca+, which causes a(n) _______ in release of vesicles (neurotransmitters) in to cleft
increase, increase, increase
93
If the Na+/K+ pump was turned off, membrane potential would ________
increase (become more positive)
94
EPSP's cause the post synaptic membrane to _______ in potential
increase (more positive, hypo/depolarize)
95
Acetylcholine esterases and peptidases both _______ the number of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
decrease (by destroying them)
96
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine all _______ the amount of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
decrease (but instead of by destroying, it is by reuptake to the presynaptic neuron)
97
EPSP's ______ membrane potential while IPSP's _____ membrane potential
increase (more positive/excited), decrease (more negative)
98
Phasic receptors show a(n) ______ in adaptability why tonic receptors ______
increase, stay the same
99
A stretch in the muscle spindles result in a(n) _______ of action potentials in the sensory neuron, which will result in _______ of the membrane potential of the motor neuron, causing a(n) ________ in action potentials in motor neuron, causing _______ of acetylcholine at NMJ resulting in contraction of muscle
increase, increase (EPSP's), increase, increase
100
Touching something hot will cause _______ of contraction of biceps and _______ contraction of triceps
increased, decreased
101
If inhibition occurs at the muscle, muscle contraction will _________
stay the same
Inhibition MUST occur at the NEURON
102
A divergent neuron pathway causes _______ in number activated neurons
increase (one-to-many)
103
A converging neuron pathway results in ________ of the number of active neurons
decrease (many-to-one)
104
Shock absorption by the brain _______ due to cerebrospinal fluid
increases
105
The blood brain barrier _______ the ability of large molecules, most ions, and proteins to pass through
decreases
106
tight junctions ______ the permeability of the blood brain barrier
decrease
107
Lipid-soluble molecules and water _______ in their ability to cross the blood brain barrier
stay the same (diffuse through it)
108
A(n) _______ in the activity of the medulla oblongata would results in a(n) _______ in conduction and activity of the reflex centers
Increase, Increase
The reflex centers in the medulla refer to the vasomotor center, cardiac center, respiratory center, as well as the gag, swallowing, coughing and sneezing reflexes.
109
A(n) ______ in the activity of the Pons results in a(n) ________ in fine regulation of respiration
increase, increase
110
An increase in the activity of the midbrain will result in ______ of arousal, attention, and awakeness
Stays the same.
the midbrain is associated with reactions to visual stimuli, such as avoiding a ball thrown at your head
111
A decrease in alertness and arousal could be due to a(n) ________ in activity of what area of the brain stem?
decrease
The area of the brain stem that sends arousal and attention is the reticular activating system
112
The ability to tell "how far, how fast, and when to put the brakes on" is ________ by what area of the brain?
Increased - by the cerebellum
The cerebellum monitors and makes corrective adjustments in motor activities
113
Dysmetria, or the tendency to move a limb beyond the point of desire is caused by a ______ in the activity of the cerebellum
decrease
This can happen due to excess alcohol consumption.
The cerebellum also participates in posture
114
Unimportant information being filtered out is caused by a(n) _______ in the activity of the Thalamus
increase
The Thalamus filters unimportant information while sending important sensory signals
115
The Thalamus causes a(n) _______ in the perception of pain, heat, cold, and pressure and a(n) ______ in the locating and intensity perception of sensations
increase, STAYS THE SAME
The Thalamus allows us to perceive sensations but does not have the ability to locate or assign intensity to these sensations
116
The hypothalamus _______ activity between the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system
increases
The hypothalamus manages the autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, osmolarity by producing ADH, produces oxytocin, regulates food intake with the appetite and satiation centers, regulates anterior pituitary gland, and influences rage and aggression
117
A(n) ______ in rage and aggression is influenced by the hypothalamus
increase
118
A high school student practices his free throws 100 times a day to fine-tune his form. This activity will cause a(n) ________ in what area of the brain?
Increase in the basal ganglia
The basal ganglia is responsible for trained movement and fine motor control
119
A deterioration of the basal ganglia will cause a(n) ______ in the chances of having parkinson's disease, which manifests as a(n) ______ in fine motor control
increase, decrease
120
The primary motor cortex causes a(n) _______ in the coding of movement
STAYS THE SAME
primary motor cortex *executes* movements...it is the premotor cortex that codes for movement
121
An injury to Broca's area would result in a(n) ______ in one's ability to read
stay the same
It is wernicke's area that is responsible for written and spoken language
122
Eminem, the rapper, would likely show a(n) ______ activity of Broca's area
increase
Rapping is the rapid pronunciation of many words in succession. This would require high activity of broca's area, which is the area in the *premotor cortex* that codes for speech
123
The Somatosensory cortex results in _______ localization and intensity perception of sensations
increased
The somatosensory cortex is what allows us to localize and know the intensity of stimuli.
124
The somatosensory cortex in a blind person would show ________ activity
increased
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for proprioception, the ability to perceive the position of the body without having to see it with the eyes
125
Distinguishing shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of the primary visual cortex
increased
DOES NOT ASSIGN MEANING TO THEM
126
Distinguishing pitch and rhythm would be the result of ________ activity of the primary auditory cortex
increased
DOES NOT ASSIGN MEANING
127
Interpreting pitch and rhythm would be the result of ________ activity of the primary auditory cortex
STAYS THE SAME
it only distinguishes pitch and rhythm, does not interpret them
128
Interpreting shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of the primary visual cortex
STAYS THE SAME
Interpretation does not happen here, only distinguishing of shape and color
129
Interpreting shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of what brain area?
increased activity of the parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex
This is where the interpretation of shape, color, pitch and rhythm happens. This is where meaning is assigned.
130
An increase in wernicke's area activity would require the _____ in the activity of what brain area?
Increase in the Parieto-Temporal-Occipital Association cortex
This is because wernicke's area is just a small section in the Parieto-Temporal-Occipital Association cortex
131
An inability to plan for voluntary activities and thinking of consequences denotes a(n) ________ in activity of what area of the brain?
Decrease in the Prefrontal Association Cortex
This area is responsible for planning for voluntary activities, perceiving future consequences, and personality traits
132
What is the limbic system and what are its functions?
Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.
The limbic system regulates emotion and motivational drive as well as feeding, mating, and fear
133
An increase in the parasympathetic nervous system directly ________ norepinephrine release
stays the same
Parasympathetic nervous system only uses ACH, while it' receptors determine function. All receptors will be nicotinic aside from effector organs
134
Epinephrine and norepinephrine ______ excitement and anger
increase
135
An increase in precise control of organs results from a(n) ______ in dual innervation
increase
136
Excitement of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors results in the ________ of smooth muscle constriction
increase
137
Excitement of beta 1 adrenergic receptors results in _______ of excitation at the heart
increase
138
Excitement of beta 2 adrenergic receptors result in the ________ of smooth muscle constriction
decrease
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause relaxation of smooth muscle
139
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in the _______ of the force of the hearts contraction
stays the same
parasympathetic can only decrease heart rate and conduction velocity, not contractility
140
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in the ________ of the blood vessels of skeletal muscle, veins, and brain
stays the same
Parasympathetic NS can ONLY dilate vessels of penis and clitoris, NOTHING else
141
Sympathetic NS causes the ________ of vasoconstriction of most body arterioles while ______ vasodilation of arterioles of skeletal muscle
increasing, increasing
142
Sympathetic NS results in ______ of the bronchial muscle relaxation
increase
143
Sympathetic NS _______ secretion of exocrine glands and endocrine glands of the pancreas
decreases
144
Sympathetic nervous system ________ renin release while parasympathetic NS _______ renin release
increases, stays the same
145
Sympathetic NS ______ erection and _______ ejaculation
stays the same, increases
Parasympathetic NS gives erection and has no effect on ejaculation while Sympathetic NS has no effect on erection but increases ejaculation
146
Parasympathetic NS _______ metabolism while Sympathetic NS _______ gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis
Stays the same, increases
147
A sympathetic agonist ______ the effects of norepinephrine while a sympathetic antagonist ______ the effects of epinephrine
stays the same(mimics norepinephrine), decreases
148
A parasympathetic agonist ______ the effects of acetylcholine while a parasympathetic antagonist ______ the effects of acetylcholine
stays the same (mimics effects of acetylcholine), decreases
149
At rest, the sarcomere is ________ in length
increased
150
The H-zone and the I-band ______ in length during contraction
decrease
