FINAL

Question 1

The process of inspecting, organizing, measuring, and modeling data to make statistically sound decisions.

Answer 1

Data Analysis

Question 2

The strategy of turning information into insight and developing conclusive, fact-based strategies to gain competitive edge.

Answer 2

Analytics

Question 3

Analytics that depict and describe the characteristics of what has happened in the past.

Answer 3

Descriptive Analytics

Question 4

Analytics that use data from the past to predict the future.

Answer 4

Predictive Analytics

Question 5

Analytics that use experimental design and optimization to suggest a course of action.

Answer 5

Prescriptive Analytics

Question 6

Standards or points-of-reference for an industry or sector that can be used for comparison and evaluation.

Answer 6

Benchmarks

Question 7

Describes a massive volume of data so large it’s difficult to process using traditional database and software techniques.

Answer 7

Big Data

Question 8

The process of searching customer data in order to detect patterns to guide marketing decisions.

Answer 8

Data Mining

Question 9

Data that can lie along any point in a range of data and is classified as either interval or ratio.

Answer 9

Continuous Data

Question 10

A continuous data type where objects are an equal interval apart and then value ‘zero’ does NOT represent the absence of a measured value.

Answer 10

Interval Data

Question 11

A continuous data type where objects are an equal interval apart and the value ‘zero’ DOES represent the absence of a measured property and where the values can be multiples of one another.

Answer 11

Ratio Data

Question 12

Data that can only take on whole values and has clear boundaries that can be classified as either nominal or ordinal.

Answer 12

Discrete Data

Question 13

A discrete data type that places objects into discrete, unordered categories.

Answer 13

Nominal Data

Question 14

A discrete data type that places objects into discrete, ordered categories, with higher order indicating more of that quality.

Answer 14

Ordinal Data

Question 15

The extent or degree of statistical association among two or more variables.

Answer 15

Correlation

Question 16

The set of practices undertaken to ensure an organization provides and maintains high-quality information through the cleaning, organizing, and repairing of data.

Answer 16

Data Quality Management

Question 17

An error that occurs when information is missing from a data set.

Answer 17

Omission Error

Question 18

Errors in measurement caused by unpredictable statistical fluctuations.

Answer 18

Random Errors

Question 19

Errors in measurement that are constant and can be caused by faulty equipment or bias.

Answer 19

Systematic Errors

Question 20

A strategy that consists of observational and experimental studies to help guide a study in a coherent and logical manner.

Answer 20

Research Design

Question 21

Studies conducted in a natural environment where the variables are not completely controlled by the researcher.

Answer 21

Observational Studies

Question 22

Studies in which all variable measurements and manipulations are under the researcher’s control.

Answer 22

Experimental Studies

Question 23

A study that observes people going forward in-time from the moment of their entry into the study.

Answer 23

Prospective Cohort Study

Question 24

A bias that is introduced during the sample of the study, when the sample is not representative of the population.

Answer 24

Selection Bias

Question 25

A bias that occurs when members of the population choose not to participate in the study.

Answer 25

Response Bias

Question 26

A straight-forward and commonly used sampling method in which a sample selected from a population has an equal opportunity to be chosen.

Answer 26

Simple Random Sample

Question 27

A bias that occurs when an assumption is made that has not yet been proven.

Answer 27

Unfounded Assumption

Question 28

The relationship of cause and effect.

Answer 28

Causation

Question 29

An outcome, or set of outcomes, whose chance of occurrence is represented by probability.

Answer 29

Event

Question 30

The occurrence of an event not happening.

Answer 30

Complement

Question 31

The probability of two events happening where elements of both events meet.

Answer 31

Intersection

Question 32

When two or more events are not able to occur at the same time.

Answer 32

Mutually Exclusive

Question 33

A visual representation of mathematical sets of events.

Answer 33

Venn Diagram

Question 34

The chance of an event occurring where ‘zero’ indicates no chance of an event and ‘one’ indicates that an event will happen.

Answer 34

Probability

Question 35

The probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already occurred.

Answer 35

Conditional Probability

Question 36

The number of unique, ordered possibilities for a certain situation.

Answer 36

Permutations

Question 37

The number of different, unordered possibilities for a certain situation.

Answer 37

Combinations

Question 38

The ratio of the number of occurrences of an event compared to the overall possible occurrences of that event.

Answer 38

Frequency

Question 39

The average, calculated by adding a series of values in a dataset together and dividing it by the total number in the series of the data.

Answer 39

Mean

Question 40

The value of the quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution.

Answer 40

Median

Question 41

The highest frequency of any specific event.

Answer 41

Mode

Question 42

A score calculated by subtracting the mean from and individual score.

Answer 42

Deviation Score

Question 43

A measure of the spread of dispersion of a data set. The closer the data to the mean, the smaller the variance.

Answer 43

Variance

Question 44

The square root of the variance, a measure of how spread out the numbers are in a set of data.

Answer 44

Standard Deviation

Question 45

A statistical measure that indicates the number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean.

Answer 45

Z-Score

Question 46

A graph that displays continuous data.

Answer 46

Histogram

Question 47

A graph that measures the distribution of data over discrete groups of categories.

Answer 47

Bar Chart

Question 48

A graphic that uses dots to show relationships or correlations between variables.

Answer 48

Scatter (Plot) Diagram

Question 49

A statistical analysis commonly used to compare the difference between two groups; specifically, to determine if two means are different from one another.

Answer 49

T-Test

Question 50

A hypothesis test that is used to compare a sample mean to a known value, often a population mean.

Answer 50

One-Sample T-Test

Question 51

A common hypothesis test that is used to determine the distribution of categorical data.

Answer 51

Chi-Squared Test

Question 52

A variance analysis method that analyzes the difference between a particular variable and multiple populations (three or more means).

Answer 52

ANOVA Analysis

Question 53

One value used to test the hypothesis; it is a numerical summary of the data set.

Answer 53

Test Statistic

Question 54

The tipping point between a test statistic value that causes one to reject the null hypothesis and one that indicates that one should fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer 54

Critical Value

Question 55

A statistical analysis tool that quantifies the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables; commonly used for cost behavior and forecasting sales.

Answer 55

Regression Analysis

Question 56

A regression analysis that uses time as the independent variable and is used for evaluating patterns in data to make decisions about inventory or staffing levels.

Answer 56

Time-Series Analysis

Question 57

A regression analysis that arranges terms or values based on different variables into “natural” groups. It is commonly used for understanding the make-up of an industry’s different areas.

Answer 57

Cluster Analysis

Question 58

A regression analysis with only one independent variable.

Answer 58

Simple Linear Regression

Question 59

A regression analysis of how multiple independent variables affect one dependent variable.

Answer 59

Multiple Linear Regression

Question 60

A business management system that focuses on product and service quality and the means to achieve it.

Answer 60

Quality Management

Question 61

A process that monitors the quality of operations and is reactive to problems.

Answer 61

Quality Control

Question 62

A process that is responsible for providing assurance that products and services are consistently maintained at a high level of quality and is proactive to problems.

Answer 62

Quality Assurance

Question 63

A business management system aimed at translating the organization’s strategic goals into a set of performance objectives using financial, internal, innovative, and customer/stakeholder input.

Answer 63

Balanced Scorecard

Question 64

A business process that focuses on eliminating anything that does not add value for customers.

Answer 64

Lean Processes

Question 65

A four step process for testing hypotheses and solving problems.

Answer 65

Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle

Question 66

A quantifiable performance measurement that demonstrates how effectively an organization is achieving key business objectives.

Answer 66

Key Performance Indicators (KPI)

Question 67

A tool used to unite key performance data sources and provide at-a-glance visual feedback.

Answer 67

KPI Dashboard

Question 68

A quality management diagram that defines the boundaries of a process and shows how it’s suppliers, inputs, products, outputs, and customers affect quality.

Answer 68

SIPOC Diagram

Question 69

A process control that helps teams ensure that work processes are working to the best of their ability.

Answer 69

Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Question 70

Measurements that allow people to gauge results effectively.

Answer 70

Metrics

Question 71

The process of selecting research participants or survey respondents of a population.

Answer 71

Sampling

Question 72

Data that shows whether a result meets a requirement and is yes/no or pass/fail in nature.

Answer 72

Attributable Data

Question 73

Data that shows how well a result meets a requirement, often shown on a scale or as a rating.

Answer 73

Variable Data

Question 74

Variation that occurs as a natural part of a process.

Answer 74

Common Cause Variation

Question 75

Abnormal variation that is not part of a natural process.

Answer 75

Special Cause Variation

Question 76

A best practice process that includes run and control charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, flowcharts, check sheets, histograms, bar charts, Pareto charts, and scatter diagrams.

Answer 76

Ishikawa’s Seven Basic Tools of Quality

Question 77

A line chart that shows performance measurements over time and can help users uncover trends or aberrations in processes.

Answer 77

Run Chart

Question 78

A modified run chart that also provides upper and lower control limits that a process should not exceed.

Answer 78

Control Chart

Question 79

A quality management diagram that shows the underlying causes of a problem or event; also known as a fishbone diagram.

Answer 79

Cause-And-Effect Diagram

Question 80

A graphical representation of the steps that make up a process.

Answer 80

Flowchart

Question 81

A structured form or table that allows users to collect and record data in a simple format; usually by placing check marks next to recordable units.

Answer 81

Check Sheet

Question 82

A graph that displays continuous data with vertical bars showing counts or numbers in each range of data.

Answer 82

Histogram

Question 83

A graph that measures the distribution of data over discrete groups and/or categories.

Answer 83

Bar Chart

Question 84

A histogram that or ordered by the frequency of occurrence, showing how many results were generated by each identifiable cause.

Answer 84

Pareto Chart

Question 85

A graphic that uses dots to show relationships or correlations between variables.

Answer 85

Scatter (Plot) Diagram

Question 86

Business processes that focus on eliminating anything that doesn’t add value for customers.

Answer 86

Lean Processes

Question 87

A lean process of producing and delivering products and services exactly when a customer needs them.

Answer 87

Just-In-Time Inventory

Question 88

All of the steps, processes, and communication involved in the production of goods and services.

Answer 88

Value Stream

Question 89

A highly-disciplined, data-driven approach for improving quality by using statistical analysis to identify and eliminate defects.

Answer 89

Six Sigma

Question 90

Quality attributes that customers and stakeholders feel are most important and are used by these groups to evaluate the quality of process results.

Answer 90

Critical-To-Quality Characteristics (CTQs)

Question 91

A diagram that breaks customer needs and expectations down into values that can be measured and monitored.

Answer 91

CTQ Tree Diagram

Question 92

A management strategy that uses results as the central measurement of performance that involves five stages: input, activities, output, outcome, and impact.

Answer 92

Results-Based Management (RBM)

Question 93

An analysis that is used to see if funding a project is worth the outcome of the project.

Answer 93

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 94

Tests that compare an individual to other individuals.

Answer 94

Norm-Referenced Tests

Question 95

Tests that compare an individual to certain defined standards.

Answer 95

Criterion-Referenced Tests

Question 96

The actual score an individual achieves on a test

Answer 96

Observed Score

Question 97

The average score an individual would achieve if they were to take a test infinite times.

Answer 97

True Score

Question 98

Errors in measurement caused by unpredictable statistical fluctuations.

Answer 98

Random Measurement Errors

Question 99

Errors in measurement that are constant within a specified dataset and can be caused by faulty equipment or bias.

Answer 99

Systematic Measurement Error

Question 100

A theory that states that in a test without systematic error, the observed score is the true score plus the random error.

Answer 100

True Score Theory

Question 101

A model of scoring that focuses on analysis of each question’s answer and is often more useful that classical test theory.

Answer 101

Item Response Theory (IRT)