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Final - invertebrates > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

why have arthropods been so successful? [3]

A
  1. hardened exoskeleton
  2. segmentation
  3. jointed appendages
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2
Q

why have insects been so successful? (3)

A
  1. fast reproductio n rate
    2.flight (only inverts. that can fly)
  2. wide range of variation in feeding & reproductive adaptations (allows for survival in many conditions
    )
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3
Q

what is ecydysis?

A

the act of MOLTING (shedding an outer layer)

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4
Q

what hormone mediates ecdysis?

A

ecdysone

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5
Q

what are the 3 functions of ecdysone?

A
  1. separation of the cuticle from the skin underneath
  2. secretion of new cuticle material
  3. breakdown of the old cuticle
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6
Q

how do horseshoe crabs exchange gases?

A

they have 5 pairs of BOOK GILLS that are covered in membranes called LAMELLAE.
gas exchange occurs on the SURFACE OF THE LAMELLAE.

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7
Q

sea spiders are in which order? what does it translate to?

A

Panlopoda - “all feet

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8
Q

what class do sea spiders belong to?

A

Pycnogonida

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9
Q

how do spiders reproduce?

A
  1. male deposits sperm onto a web
  2. male picks up sperm with his pedipalps
  3. male deposits sperm into females genital opening with his pedipalps
  4. female stores sperm until she’s ready to reproduce
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10
Q

what are the spiders 2 tagmata [body segments]?

A
  1. prosoma (CEPHALOTHORAX; fused head + thorax))

2. opisthosoma (abdomen)

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11
Q

how do scorpions feed?

A
  1. pincers capture + crush prey
  2. stingers inject venom into prey
  3. prey is paralyzed & eaten
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12
Q

what do scorpions eat?

A

insects but their diet can be extremely variable (which is why they can survive in many harsh environments)

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13
Q

what happens in the scorpions food supply is scarce?

A

they can slow their metabolism to 1/3 the normal rate for arthropods

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14
Q

[CENTI + MILIPEDES] how do the # of legs/segment differ?

A

MILIPEDES have 2 sets of legs per segment, each positioned directly UNDER their body.
CENTIPEDES have 1 set of legs per segment, each positioned on the SIDE of their body.

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15
Q

[CENTI + MILIPEDES] how do their diets differ?

A

MILIPEDES eat decomposing plants.

CENTIPEDES eat insects that they’ve killed with venom.

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16
Q

[CENTI + MILIPEDES} which have a FLATTER body from a side view?

A

centipedes

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17
Q

[CENTI + MILIPEDES} how do their threat responses differ?

A

MILIPEDES coil up and release a smelly secretion.

CENTIPEDES bite + run away quickly.

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18
Q

what is a DIPLOPOD?

A

its the CLASS of arthropods that contain millipedes

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19
Q

which arthropod class are the milipedes?

A

diplopoda

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20
Q

what does ‘biramous’ translate into?

A

divided into 2 branches

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21
Q

how do crustaceans exchange gases?

A

GILLS pull in oxygen from the air into the bloodstream

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22
Q

what is another name for the “pill bug”?

A

rollie-pollie

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23
Q

what is special about the pill bug crustacean?

A

it’s the ONLY crustacean that has completely adapted to terrestrial life

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24
Q

what are the 5 groups with in the MALACOSTRACAN class? (arthropod -> crustacea -> malacostracan -> ??)

A
  1. lobster
  2. crab
  3. hermit crab
  4. shrimp
  5. isopod
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25
Q

how do most malacostracans exchange gases?

A

through EPIPODAL GILLS that develop as outgrowths of their thoracic legs

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26
Q

how are hexapods related to crustaceans?

A
  1. similar chitinous exoskeletons + antennae

2. both use HEMOCYANIN as a respiratory protein

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27
Q

how do pillbugs exchange gases?

A

they use GILL-LIKE structures and require moist environments to breathe.

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28
Q

translate “ametabolous”

A

“having no metamorphosis”

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29
Q

translate “hemimetabolous”

A

“incomplete metamorphosis”

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30
Q

translate “holometabolous”

A

“total metamorphosis”

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31
Q

[AMETABOLOUS] once hatched from the egg, immature ametaboloids look like _________. _______ + _________ will occur until they reach ________________.

A

once hatched from the egg, immature ametaboloids look like TINY VERSIONS OF MATURE ADULTS. MOLTING + GROWTH will occur until they reach SEXUAL MATURITY.

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32
Q

[HEMIMETABOLOUS] what occurs in the nymph stage?

A

GROWTH + molting

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33
Q

[HEMIMETABOLOUS] nymphs + adults are similar in what 4 ways?

A
  1. appearance
  2. behaviour
  3. habitat
  4. diet
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34
Q

[HOLOMETABOLOUS} each stage of the life cycle - ___, ____, ____, + ____ - is marked by a __________________.

A

each stage of the life cycle - EGG, LARVA, PUPA, + ADULT - is marked by a DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT APPEARANCE.

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35
Q

[HOLOMETABOLOUS] which is the RESTING stage?

A

pupal stage

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36
Q

what are compound eyes made up of?

A

many OMMATIDIA that each have their own lens

37
Q

define BATESIAN mimicry.

A

a HARMLESS species imitates the warning signals of a harmful species toward a predator of BOTH SPECIES

38
Q

define MULLERIAN mimicry.

A

2+ species mimic EACH OTHERS warning signs to their mutual predators.

39
Q

which mimicry involves 2+ species mimicking each other?

A

MULLERIAN

40
Q

which mimicry involves 1 harmless species mimicking a diff. species?

A

BATESIAN

41
Q

crypsis involves which sense?

A

sense of smell

42
Q

what occurs during crypsis?

A

prey animals simulate the smell of non-prey to avoid detection by predators

43
Q

crypsis renders ____ animals un_________ + un_________ through _________.

A

crypsis renders PREY animals unDETECTABLE + unLOCATABLE through OLFACTION.

44
Q

pheromones are ________ used by insects to ___________.

A

pheromones are CHEMICALS used by insects to COMMUNICATE.

45
Q

what are 3 ways that insects use pheromones?

A
  1. to attract mates
  2. to warns others of predators
  3. to find food
46
Q

kin selection occurs when an animal is ______________.

A

kin selection occurs when an animal is SELF-SACRIFICIAL.

47
Q

kin selection benefits……?

A

the GENETIC FITNESS of the self-sacrificial animals RELATIVES.

48
Q

what does kin selection favour?

A

the REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS of the organisms RELATIVES even at the cost of its own survival & reproduction

49
Q

EUSOCIALITY occurs when animals live in a __________ group where 1 ______ & several _______ are __________.

A

EUSOCIALITY occurs when animals live in a COOPERATIVE group where 1 FEMALE & several MALES are REPRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE.

50
Q

EUSOCIALITY occurs when the ___________ members care for the ___________ members and ___________ & ___________ for the entire group.

A

EUSOCIALITY occurs when the NONREPRODUCTIVE members care for the IMMATURE members and PROTECT & PROVIDE for the entire group.

51
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of EUSOCIAL animals?

A
  1. adults live in GROUPS
  2. COOPERATIVE CARE of juveniles
  3. DIVISION of labour
  4. OVERLAP of generations
52
Q

what are the 2 main groups of the DEUTEROSTOMES?

A
  1. ECHINODERMS (starfish, sea urchins)

2. CHORDATES (fish, other vertabrates)

53
Q

what animals are in the ECHINODERMATA clade?

A

star fish, sea urchins

54
Q

what animals are in the CHORDATA clade?

A

fish, other vertebrates

55
Q

ECHINODERMS [________] have a ______ vascular system.

A

ECHINODERMS [STARFISH, SEA URCHINS] have a WATER vascular system.

56
Q

what is the echinoderm water vascular system made up of?

A

a system of CANALS that circulate WATERY FLUID

57
Q

what is the purpose of the echinoderm water vascular system?

A

for the movement of TENTACLES and TUBE FEET

58
Q

the MADREPORITE is an essential part of the ECHINODERMS __________ system.

A

the MADREPORITE is an essential part of the ECHINODERMS CIRCULATION system,

59
Q

what does the echinoderms MADREPORITE function like?

A

like a TRAP DOOR that water can move in + out of in a CONTROLLED MANNER

60
Q

describe the madreporite.

A

it is a PERFORATED PLATE that controls the ENTRY OF SEAWATER into an ECHINODERMS vascular system.

61
Q

what is another name for the MADREPORITE?

A

sieve plate

62
Q

tube feet contain ______ which ________ into the tube feet.

A

tube feet contain AMPULLA which MOVE WATER into the tube feet.

63
Q

what is the function of echinoderm AMPULLA?

A

to PUSH WATER into the tube feet in order to STRETCH THEM OUT

64
Q

what is another name for DERMAL BRANCHIAE?

A

skin gills [echinoderms]

65
Q

dermal branchiae are

________ of the ECHINODERMS ________.

A

dermal branchiae are PROJECTIONS of the ECHINODERMS COELOM.

66
Q

what are the 2 main function of DERMAL BRANCHIAE?

A
  1. respiration

2. waste removal

67
Q

where does GAS EXCHANGE occur in the DERMAL BRANCHIAE?

A

through the walls of the tubules

68
Q

what is the function of the PEDICELLARIAE?

A

to keep the echinoderms surface free of DEBRIS + SMALL PARASITES

69
Q

pedicellariae are in _________, the valves that form ______ can ______ + ______.

A

pedicellariae are in CONSTANT MOTION, the valves that form THE HEAD can OPEN + CLOSE.

70
Q

what are the 3 main functions of TUBE FEET?

A
  1. locomotion
  2. feeding
  3. respiration
71
Q

tube feet are arranged in _______ along the _______ and they operate through ____________.

A

tube feet are arranged in GROOVES along the ARMS and they operate through HYDRAULIC PRESSURE.

72
Q

what kind of SYMMETRY is found in the echinoderms?

A

PENTAMERAL (“5-part”) symmetry

73
Q

echinoderm SKELETONS are made up of ___________ ________ ________ plates + spines.

A

echinoderm SKELETONS are made up of INTERLOCKING CALCIUM CARBONATE plates + spines.

74
Q

what are OSSICLES? (ECHINODERMS)

A

bony plates of calcium carbonate that make up the skeleton

75
Q

the water vascular system consists of a _______ _____ ______ and _________ _______ which extend along ___ ___.

A

the water vascular system consists of a CENTRAL RING CANAL and RADIAL CANALS which extend along EACH ARM.

76
Q

the AMBULACRUM is an ________ area of an ECHINODERMS ________.

A

the AMBULACRUM is an ELONGATED area of an ECHINODERMS SHELL.

77
Q

what are the AMBULACRAL GROOVES?

A

grooves in the AMBULACRUM that are filled with the SUCKERS of TUBE FEET

78
Q

what is GASTRIC EVERSION?

A

the ability of vomiting out the entire stomach

79
Q

what are the 3 larval stages of the ASTEROIDEA?

A
  1. AURIcularia
  2. BIPINnaria
  3. BRACHIOlaria
80
Q

what is another name for the ASTEROIDEA?

A

sea stars

81
Q

ASTEROIDEA move through the use of their _______ ______ ________.

A

ASTEROIDEA move through the use of their WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM.

82
Q

[WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM] water enters through the _________ and is circulated from the ________ canal to the _________ canal and into the _________ canals. The water is then carried to the ______ , allowing for _______ from the tube feet.

A

[WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM] water enters through the MADREPORITE and is circulated from the STONE canal to the RING canal and into the RADIAL canals. The water is then carried to the AMPULLAE, allowing for SUCTION from the tube feet.

83
Q

asteroidia are ________ and ophiuroidea are ______

A

asteroidia are SEA STARS and ophiuroidea are BRITTLE STARS

84
Q

how does MOVEMENT differ in the ASTEROIDIA (sea stars) + the OPHIUROIDEA (brittle stars)?

A

SEA STARS use their TUBE FEET.

BRITTLE STARS use their LONG ARMS.

85
Q

what is contained in the OPHIUROIDEA (brittle stars) GENITORESPIRATORY BURSAE?

A

gonads

86
Q

what are the 2 functions of the OPHIUROIDEA’s (brittle stars) GENITORESPIRATORY BURSAE?

A
  1. gas exchange

2. reproduction

87
Q

what is another name for ECHINODIA?

A

sea urchins

88
Q

how do ECHINOIDEA [sea urchins] move?

A
  1. push against the substratum with their SPINES

2. extend their TUBE FEET in the direction of movement

Final - invertebrates (1 decks)

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