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PSYC 471 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A
  • Our natural propensity to engage our interests and exercise our capacities
  • Acting volitionally, without being rewarded or threatened
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2
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

systematic way of observing and studying some phenomenon

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3
Q

What is cognitive evaluation theory?

A

The extent to which a coach or teacher helps you feel autonomous or competent about doing an activity will increase your intrinsic motivation

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4
Q

What are the 3 possible meanings that external events can have?

A
  • Informational
  • Controlling
  • Amotivating
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5
Q

What instructional practices promote reading motivation (and comprehension)?

A
  • Encouraging choice
  • Providing interesting, relevant texts
  • Facilitating social interaction around books
  • Using hands-on activities to spark interests
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6
Q

How do you find intrinsic motivation for reading again?

A
  • Look for the spark of interest
  • Don’t judge your reading (try different formats)
  • Trust that intrinsic motivation will lead to challenge
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7
Q

What is praise?

A

to commend the worth of someone’s behaviour or to express approval or admiration

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8
Q

Praise will act as reinforcement only if it is:

A
  • Contingent (close in time)
  • Specific
  • Credible (sincere, varied, and believable)
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9
Q

Explain teacher communications (percentages)

A
  • 5% praise

- 10% criticism

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10
Q

What is positive guidance?

A

generalized praise that is agreeable

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11
Q

What is a transition ritual?

A

meaningless, just used as a transition

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12
Q

What is a balance for criticism?

A

to correct behaviour/compliment sandwich

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13
Q

What is harmful praise?

A
  • Attempted vicarious reinforcement – using someone as a model for everyone else
  • Student-elicited stroking – teacher’s pet (reinforcing teachers so they praise them more)
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14
Q

What is positive praise?

A

Spontaneous expression of surprise or admiration – contingent, spontaneous, and credible

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15
Q

What are the two views on the sandwich technique?

A 
Positive:
- Improves performance
- Reduces conflict 
- Creates autonomy 
Negative:
- Doesn’t get the message across
- Lets you off the hook 
- People only focus on the positive things you said, since it’s the last thing they heard
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16
Q

What is the right way to do the sandwich technique?

A
  • Start with empathy

- Either tell them what they did wrong or ask how they think it went

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17
Q

What is process praise?

A

emphasizing children’s effort, strategies, or specific actions

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18
Q

What is person praise?

A

indicates that the child had a fixed, positive quality

- ex: “let’s show her how smart you are”

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19
Q

What is change-oriented feedback?

A

empathy – process – empathy

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20
Q

What is corrective feedback?

A

Indicates behaviours that need to be modified so that athlete can achieve their goals

  • Show empathy with challenge
  • Choice of solutions to correct problems
  • Free from person-related statements
  • Given in a considerate tone of voice
  • End with empathy about the difficulty of changing ingrained habits
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21
Q

What are Brophy’s recommendations regarding praise?

A
  • Get kids to set goals for themselves
  • Distinguish performance feedback from praise
  • Provide neutral information about what they’re doing
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22
Q

What are the 5 functions of commitment?

A
  • Enjoyment
  • Involvement opportunities
  • Personal investments
  • Involvement alternatives
  • Social constraints
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23
Q

What are skills needed for 21st century jobs?

A

collaboration and cooperation (not competition)

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24
Q

What were the characteristics of the Reeve and Deci study on controlled competition?

A
  • Mediators: how competent and controlled you feel

- Missing condition: non-controlled lose (because of ethics)

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25
Q

What is the PISA test?

A

conceptual learning test, not rote learning

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of Singapore schools?

A
  • More standards
  • More homework
  • More emphasis on math and science
  • Longer days and year
  • High stakes testing
  • Highly value teaching as a profession
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27
Q

What are US trends in education?

A
  • more standards
  • more homework
  • more emphasis on math and science
  • more classes for gifted
  • longer days and year
  • uniforms
  • merit pay for teachers and students
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28
Q

What is the Finland education system like?

A
  • age 7 school start
  • same teacher for 3 years
  • no grades until age 12
  • no gifted classes
  • no uniforms
  • teacher by first name
  • no special prizes or rewards
  • recess every hour
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29
Q

What are the 3 different school structures?

A
  • Competition: people attain their goals only if others do not
  • Cooperative: people attain their goals only when others do also
  • Individualism: people attain their goals without affecting the goal attainment of others
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30
Q

What are controlling behavioural indicators?

A
  • Emphasize evaluation
  • Emphasize high standards
  • Direct and give answers
  • Emphasize competition
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31
Q

What are autonomy supportive behavioural indicators?

A
  • Listened more
  • Encourage
  • Allocated time for independent work
  • Show interest in what they were learning
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32
Q

What is a modern arranged marriage?

A

choice to allow parents to pick marital partner

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33
Q

What is a non-autonomous arranged marriage?

A

no choice, therefore not as positive of an outcome

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34
Q

What is the success difference between love and arranged marriages?

A
  • Love marriage: first 7 years at a high level of happiness, then drops
  • Arranged marriage: low levels of happiness, but over 7 years it increases and stays high
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35
Q

What is Deci’s perspective on culture and autonomy?

A

Thinks autonomy is separate from culture, and has more to do with what you endorse and stand behind

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36
Q

What is Cultural internalization?

A

process by which cultural beliefs and practices are adopted by the individual and then enacted in the absence of immediate contingencies or constraints

37
Q

Explain Deci and Ryan’s theory of internalization

A

(1) Children are willing and even active participants in the process
(2) There are different processes by which internalization occur
- introjection
- identification and integration
(3) These different internalization processes result in qualitatively different styles of self-regulation
(4) The social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occurs

38
Q

What is introjection?

A

Taking in a value or regulatory process but not accepting it as one’s own (no willing endorsement)
- More likely when parents are very heavy-handed and authoritative

39
Q

What is identification and integration?

A

Fully assimilating a regulation with one’s core sense of self (willing endorsement)
- When parents are autonomy supportive

40
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The principle that an individual’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture
- Ex: bride abduction in Kyrgyzstan – westerners will never understand

41
Q

What are Farah’s indications of growing up in a poor family?

A
  • Don’t own home
  • Move frequently
  • Single parent
  • Live with relatives
  • Public assistance
  • Food stamps
  • Charity clothes
  • Exposure to violence and drugs
42
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

the biological effect of stress on our hormones, physiological functioning, and brain development

43
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Taking something a child has learnt and taking it to the next level, offering support as needed
- key for child learning development

44
Q

What are the two growth processes of self-determination theory?

A
  • Intrinsic motivation – only emerges when kids are in safe environments and securely attached relationships with important people
  • Internalization – impoverished children have a big deficit in this
45
Q

What are the 3 critical features of the development of child expertise in a family?

A
  • Child-centered
  • Achievement-oriented
  • Responsibility training
46
Q

What are the number of words heard at 4 in different types of families?

A
  • Professional family: 45 million
  • Working class: 26 million
  • Welfare: 13 million
47
Q

What are the key features of hyperparenting?

A
  • Ego-involvement in child’s goals
  • Micro-managing child’s development
  • Over-scheduling of enrichment activities
48
Q

What was the mediating mechanism on this study: poor NC community in which family income was raised by casino royalties

A

The amount of time parents had to supervise their children

- Parents who moved out of poverty reported having more time to spend with their children

49
Q

What are the mediating mechanisms on this study: wealthy kids are more likely to score higher on depression, anxiety, and substance abuse

A

Excessive parental pressure for achievement – parents emphasize accomplishments vs character and wellbeing

50
Q

What is the American Dream?

A

• The ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve

51
Q

What are the core values of the Amish “simple life”?

A
  • Community and family
  • Humility
  • Religion
52
Q

What are intrinsic aspirations naturally oriented towards?

A
  • Close relationships
  • Community involvement
  • Personal growth
53
Q

What are extrinsic aspirations naturally oriented towards?

A
  • Money (rewards?)
  • Fame (competition?)
  • Appealing image (praise?)
54
Q

What are extrinsic aspirations?

A

depend on contingent reaction of others and are typically engaged in as a means to an end

55
Q

What are intrinsic aspirations?

A

expressive of natural growth tendencies and are likely to satisfy basic psychological needs

56
Q

How many smokers:

  • say they want to quit
  • say they want to quit now
  • try to quit each year
  • go for more intensive services
A
  • 70% of smokers say want to quit
  • 20-30% say they want to quit now
  • 40% try to quit each year
  • 20% go for more intensive services
57
Q

How does counselling help with smoking?

A
  • Preparing for quit date
  • Learning to tolerate the withdrawal effects
  • Learning to deal with stress
58
Q

How does medication help smokers wanting to quit?

A

Reduces withdrawal symptoms

59
Q

What are the 2 key motivational concepts in motivating patients?

A
  • Autonomous motivation: feeling a sense of volition and choice in one’s behaviour
  • Autonomy support: take and acknowledge patient’s perspectives, provides choices, providing meaningful rationale
60
Q

What are specific things a doctor should do to facilitate autonomy support?

A
  • Make eye contact
  • Ask open-ended questions
  • Listen carefully
  • Do not interrupt
  • Encourage initiation and involvement
  • Provide a rationale for your suggestions
61
Q

What are the 4 As in motivational interviewing?

A
  • Ask – 3Qs
  • Advise
  • Assist
  • Arrange (follow-up)
62
Q

What are the most common reasons for not taking medication?

A
  • Illness causes fewer symptoms than medication
  • Incapable of changing habits (no drinking)
  • Demands of work and family life
63
Q

How many patients did Dr. Ross have and how many were smokers?

A

5,000 patients, 10% smokers

64
Q

How many smoking patients did he have before and after the ultimatum?

A

Had 500 smoking patients and after ultimatum only heard from 33

65
Q

What percentage of adults smoke nationally?

A

25% of adults smoke

66
Q

A smoker reduces their life by how many years?

A

14.5 years

67
Q

How many participants quit smoking in the Williams study on motivational interviewing?

A

10% of participants had quit smoking continually through 18 months

68
Q

Who is most likely to have anorexia?

A

Non-white, low SES teens

  • Used to be white upper-class, but not as much anymore
  • Growing rate for boys
69
Q

At what age does anorexia start?

A

12 or 13

70
Q

What is the prevalence of anorexia?

A

1%

71
Q

What are early signs of anorexia?

A
  • Preoccupation with food, weight, and calories
  • Rigidity and rituals around eating
  • Avoidance of family meals
  • Denial of hunger
  • Excessive exercise
  • More angry, quiet, depressed (a shell of what they used to be)
72
Q

What are the health consequences of anorexia?

A
  • Low body temperature
  • Abnormally low heart rate
  • Low blood pressure
  • Loss of periods
  • Muscle loss and weakness
  • Cardiac complications
  • Osteoporosis
73
Q

What are treatment challenges to anorexia?

A
  • Denial (they don’t think anything is wrong with them –> Ego-syntonic)
  • Minimization
  • Secrecy
  • Lack of motivation to recover
74
Q

What is the Family-based treatment (The Maudsley Approach)?

A

• No blame for ill teen
• Separation of disorder and adolescent (externalizing the illness)
- helps to remove anxiety and guilt from parents

75
Q

What are the 3 phases of the FBT treatment?

A
  • Weight restoration
  • Return to independent eating
  • Healthy adolescent development
76
Q

What are the 3 stages of the FBT change?

A
  • Return to previous weight
  • Gradual return to adolescent control of eating
  • Gradual exploration of autonomy and identity issues
  • Change mechanism?
    • -> Exposure
    • -> Decreasing ambivalence
    • -> Increasing autonomy
77
Q

What is the problem with FBT?

A

Many patients and families have difficulty with the transition to independent eating
- Maintenance of cognitive symptoms and safety behaviours

78
Q

Explain Motivational interviewing applied to family-based treatment

A

Start with open questions that invite the person to tell you about themselves
• “Patient-centered, directive counselling style that builds on intrinsic motivation to facilitate change in health-related behaviours”

79
Q

Explain the stages of change model

A

precontemplation –> contemplation –> preparation –> action –> maintenance –> termination OR relapse

80
Q

What is the readiness ruler?

A

measures readiness on a scale from 1 to 10

81
Q

What are the advantages of motivational interviewing?

A
  • Compatible with individual differences in ambivalence
  • Suitable for mandated treatments
  • Brief
  • Trainable
  • Non-confrontational
82
Q

What are the 4 principles of motivational interviewing?

A
  • Expressing empathy
  • Developing discrepancy (goals vs things that will keep you stuck)
  • Rolling with resistance
  • Supporting self-efficacy
83
Q

What is the OARS technique?

A
  • Open-ended questions
  • Affirmations
  • Reflective listening
  • Summaries
84
Q

Who is the most common client at psychiatric centers?

A

female law students

85
Q

What is Krieger’s theory?

A

intense pressure and competitive success norms reorient students away from positive personal interests and values and towards rewards and more image-based values, leading to a loss of self-esteem, life satisfaction and wellbeing

86
Q

What is law school like?

A
  • The Paper Chase film – you are called out and expected to know the answer
  • Focus on competition, rank and status
  • Competition for academic superiority and placements
  • You’re given a rank that’s posted publicly
  • Teaching excessively abstract and analytical (Isolative and intimating)
87
Q

What was the mediator of wellbeing in the motivational effects of law school study?

A

Wellbeing changes were mediated by motivational changes

88
Q

How many students need mental health services at Yale law?

A

70%

89
Q

How many students were in Koestner’s grad school cohort?

A

9 students

PSYC 471 (4 decks)

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