Final

Question 1

Four main chemicals in cells

Answer 1

Adenine-Thymine
Cystosine-guanine
(Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA)

Question 2

Why are proteins important to cells?

Answer 2

Proteins provide the traits associated with genes

Question 3

Describe the flow of genetic information

Answer 3

DNA base pairs>genes>chromosomes >genomes>individuals >families >population

Question 4

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic - no nucleus or other organelles

Eukaryotic- has organelles, including nucleus

Question 5

Cell Theory

Answer 5

All living things are made up of cells. Cells characteristics are determined by proteins

Question 6

Microbiome

Answer 6

All species in an area. Bacteria is included in the human microbiome

Question 7

Chromatin Characteristics

Answer 7

Open
Loosely packed
Normal state of DNA
Cell can get to info
Long thin
*DNA + Protein

Question 8

Chromosome Characteristics

Answer 8

Closed 
Tightly packed
Cell division only (Mitosis)
Cell can’t get to information 
23 pair
*DNA+ Protein

Question 9

What is mitosis

Answer 9

1cell becomes 2
1 parent into 2 daughter cells
Makes identical cells
Somatic cells
4 phases : prophase, metaphase,anaphase and telophase (PMAT)

Question 10

What happens in Prophase

Answer 10

Spindle Apparatus forms( Made of microtubals
Chromatin become Chromosomes
Nucleus breaks down

Question 11

What happens in Metaphase

Answer 11

Chromosomes line up at cell equator
Great tension
Shortest phase

Question 12

What happens in anaphase

Answer 12

Spindle contracts at both ends
Pulls apart sister chromatids
One copy pulls in each direction
(Centromeres part)

Question 13

What happens in telophase

Answer 13

Spindle breaks down
Nucleus reforms
Chromosome back to chromatin

Question 14

Cell Cycle and how growth is controlled

Answer 14

G1 phase
S phase - 
G2 phase
Mitosis
Check points
Apoptosis-organized purposeful death of cell as a result of check point information

Question 15

Types of Stem Cells

Answer 15

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Progenitors

Question 16

Totipotent Stem Cells

Answer 16

Can become any cellDNA turned on

Question 17

Pluripotent stem Cell

Answer 17

Can become any adult adult cell

Embryonic DNA turned off

Question 18

What are the characteristics of meiosis? 

Answer 18

sexual reproduction
Gamate formation
Haploid- one copy of each chromosome
Cells produced not identical

Question 19

How does independent assortment work?

Answer 19

Chromosomes can line many different randoms ways during meiosis
Genetic diversity

Question 20

What are the 3 Germ layers

Answer 20

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 21

Characteristics of Ectoderm germ layer

Answer 21

Outer layer
Nervous Epidermis
Skin hair nails

Question 22

Characteristics of the Mesoderm germ layer

Answer 22

Middle Layer
Connective, Muscle
Reproductive organs
Kidneys

Question 23

Characteristics of the Endoderm germ layer

Answer 23

Inner layer
Epithelial, glands
Lining of digestive track
Pancreas liver

Question 24

What is a blastocyst

Answer 24

Forms between day 5 thru second week
Hollow fluid filled ball form the trophoblast (outside) and the inner cell mass implants and flattens to form embryonic disk

Question 25

Lethal allele

Answer 25

Allele that leads to death and therefore is not represented in expected phenotype *achondroplasia

Question 26

Multiple Alleles

Answer 26

Different DNA sequences have the same phenotype

Question 27

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 27

Two alleles blend into one phenotype in heterozygotes

Question 28

Co dominance

Answer 28

Both alleles expressed as in one blooedtype AB

Question 29

Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 29

From mom mtDNA no crossing over , little DNA repair Mutation rate is great Used to link suspects to crimes and to ID war dead.

Question 30

Linkage

Answer 30

Two genes on same chromosome | Do not assort independently

Question 31

Mendels 3 Laws of inheritance

Answer 31

1. Law of Dominance 2. Law Of Segregation 3. Law of Independent Assortment

Question 32

Law of Dominance

Answer 32

Only one copy of Dominant genotype needed to make a phenotype 2 recessive alleles needed to make genotype and express in

Question 33

Law of segregation

Answer 33

Two alleles for each trait separate during gamate formation each gamate gets one allele think punnet squares

Question 34

Law of independent assortment

Answer 34

Considers two or more genes -the inheritance of one does not influence the chance of inheriting the other