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final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first stress response of the body

A

sympathetic activation in 2-3 secs

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2
Q

what is the second stress response of the body

A

activation of adrenal medulla in 20-30 secs

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3
Q

which lasts longer epinephrine or norepinephrine

A

epinephrine

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4
Q

how long does the hpa axis take to activate

A

minutes hours or days

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5
Q

what do gluccocorticoids do

A

breaking down proteins, fatty acids and glycogen, gluconeogenesis, vasoconstriction

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6
Q

what do minerolocorticoids do

A

na/water retention to increase blood volume/pressure

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7
Q

what does the HPA axis produce

A

cortisol

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8
Q

does cortisol increase or decrease sympathetic activity

A

decrease

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9
Q

what happens to sympathetic activity if you remove the adrenal gland

A

higher sympathetic activity

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10
Q

does cortisol inhibit or activate the immune system

A

inhibit

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11
Q

the sympathetic nervous system is the ____ in the stress response

A

initiator

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12
Q

the adrenal medulla is the ____ in the stress response

A

reinforcement, releases epinephrine

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13
Q

The HPA axis ____ stress response

A

terminates

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of PTSD

A

avoidance, intrusive memories, cognitive and mood disorder, changes in physical and emotional reactions

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15
Q

What are E/NE, CRH, and cortisol levels in PTSD

A

E/NE and CRH= elevated

cortisol= reduced

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16
Q

What is wrong with the anterior pituitary gland in PTSD

A

anterior pituitary gland is hypersensitive which lowers the set point of cortisol level

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17
Q

Why is the SAM system overactivated in PTSD

A

CRH is hig and there is no inhibition by cortisol

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18
Q

Hypocortisolism leads to a _____ immune system

A

hyperactive

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19
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves

A

8

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20
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12

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21
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5

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22
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves

A

5

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23
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1

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24
Q

What do the dorsal root neurons do

A

carry sensory information

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25
Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons located
dorsal root ganglia
26
What do ventral roots do
carry information from CNS to muscles and glands
27
what do autonomic ganglia contain
cell bodies of post ganglionic autonomic neurons
28
what is gray matter
unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
29
what is white matter
myelinated axons
30
Where do afferent somatic neurons connect with interneurons
dorsal horns
31
what do ventral horns contain
cell bodies of motor neurons
32
what do lateral horns contain
cell bodies of pre ganglionic autonomic neurons
33
what connects the forebrain and cerebellum to the spinal cord
brain stem
34
where does the midbrain connect to
forebrain
35
what connects to the cerebellum
pons
36
what connects to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
37
what are brainstem nuclei associated with
reticular formation
38
what does the reticular formation control
wakefulness, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation
39
what are neuromodulators
special type of neurotransmitters that are not removed from synaptic cleft quickly and can influence more than one neuron for a sustained period of time
40
what does the diencephalon consist of
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the pineal gland
41
What is the function of the thalamus
relay information to the cortex and integration of sensory input
42
what is the function of the hypothalamus
control of homeostasis, hunger, thirst, endocrine and autonomic functions
43
what is the cerebrum made of
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
44
what is the function of basal ganglia
control of movement
45
what is the function of limbic system
link between cognitive function and emotions
46
what do ependymal cells do
line cavities (glial cells cns)
47
what do oligodendrocytes do
form myelin (cns)
48
what do microglial cells do
phagocytes (cns)
49
what is classical conditioning
where a conditioned stimulus is coupled with an unconditioned stimulus, animals respond to the conditioned stimulus
50
what is operant conditioning
association of a behavior with a reward or escape of punishment
51
what is nonassociative learnign
a change in behavior after repeated exposure to a single stimulus
52
what is habituation
reduced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus
53
what is sensitization
enhanced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus
54
what is memory consolidation
process of converting a short term memory to a long term memory
55
what is declarative/explicit memory
a memory that you can recall ex i went out on my birthday
56
what is reflexive/implicit/procedural memory
autonomic skills like playing guitar or riding a bike
57
what is anterograde amnesia
cannot form new explicit memory after surgery
58
what is temporally graded retrograde amnesia
cannot remember things within 2 years before surgery
59
are ionotropic glutamate receptors inhibitory or excitatory
excitatory
60
are ionotropic GABA receptors inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory
61
when AMPA receptor is activated what happens
post synaptic nerve is depolarized and ap fires
62
NMDA is different from AMPA how
NMDA is permeable to Ca and it is the coincidence detector
63
what are the effects of Ca in post synaptic neurons
insertion of AMPA receptors and phosphorylation of AMPA receptors, synthesize NO
64
What is the name of the salty receptor on the tongue
epithelial sodium channel ENaC
65
What is the name of the sour receptor in the tongue
H+ activated TRPP3
66
what do sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release onto which receptor
release acetylcholine onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors
67
what do postganglionic sympathetic neurons release
norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptors
68
what do postganglionic para sympathetic neurons release
Ach onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors
69
What is a short reflex
outside cns, visceral sensory nerve ---> postganglionic autonomic nerve
70
what does an amygdala lesion cause
prevent HPA/ANS response to learned fear
71
What do hippocampal lesions cause
prevent learned HPA responses to context fear

piso 305 (1 decks)

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