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SPA 421 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)?

A

Stroke

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2
Q

What is the 4th leading cause of death in the US and the leading cause of disability in adults?

A

Stroke (CVA)

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3
Q

Define a Stroke (CVA)

A

The temporary or permanent disturbance of brain function due to vascular disruptions caused by either loss of blood to the neural tissue or by bleeding into the neural tissue.

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4
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or “mini stroke”?

A

temporary signs and symptoms of stroke, with no permanent damage.

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5
Q

What is a Ischemic Stroke? and is it the most common form of stroke?

A

Interruption of blood flow to the brain. Blood clot blocks an artery, cutting off blood flow to the brain. Ischemic strokes are the most common

And YES, it is the most common.

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6
Q

What are the two types of Ischemic Strokes?

A

Embolic – plaque fragment forms somewhere in the body (usually the heart or large arteries leading to the brain) and moves through the bloodstream to the brain, leading to a blocked blood vessel in the brain and causing a stroke. (TRAVELS)

Trombolic – does not travel, but a blood clot forms in an artery leading to the brain, the clot disrupts blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke.

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7
Q

What is a Hemorrhagic Stroke?

A

bursting blood vessel in the brain that spills blood into the brain. High blood pressure often causes it.

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8
Q

What are the different types of Hemorrhagic Strokes?

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage – a type of hemorrhagic stroke, cause brain cells to die, causing that part of the brain to function properly no longer.

Aneurysm – a weak spot on the wall of the artery, forming a thin-walled bubble, as it grows it can get weaker, bursting a leaking blood into the brain.

Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage – blood vessel bursts towards the surface of the brain and cause blood to pour around the outside of the brain.

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9
Q

Warning signs of a stroke?

A

F – Face drooping
A – Arm weakness
S – Speech Difficulty
T – Time to call 911

  • Sudden NUMBNESS or weakness of face, arm, leg – especially one side of body.
  • Sudden CONFUSION, trouble speaking or understanding speech
  • Sudden TROUBLE SEEING in one or both eyes
  • Sudden TROUBLE WALKING, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
  • Sudden SEVERE HEADACHE with no known cause
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10
Q

What are stroke risk factors that we can control & those we can’t control?

A 
Can Control:
Smoking / Alcohol
Exercise
Healthy Diet – sodium intake
Blood Pressure / Hypertension

Can't Control:
Atrial Fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
Age - Greater risk after 65 years old
Men more likely
People of African descent
Previous stroke
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11
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

primarily a language disorder resulting from left hemisphere damage (stroke, brain tumors, head trauma, infections)

Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person’s ability to process language. It affects the production and/or comprehension of speech and the ability to read and/or write.

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12
Q

What are three types of Aphasia?

A

Wernickes (Fluent)
Global
Broca’s (Non-Fluent)

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13
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Word comprehension is impaired.

Considered fluent because producing connected speech is not affected

Speech is far from normal - Sentences do not make sense and irrelevant words intrude and sometimes speech might sound like jargon.

Reading and writing are often severely impaired.

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14
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Speech output is severely reduced and is limited mainly to short utterances of less than four words.

Vocabulary access is limited.

The person may understand speech relatively well and be able to read, but be limited in writing.

Broca’s aphasia is characterized by halting and effortful quality of speech.

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15
Q

What is Global Aphasia?

A

Most severe form of aphasia

Patients produce few recognizable words and understand little or no spoken language.

Global aphasics can neither read nor write.

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16
Q

What are some tips for communicating with someone with Aphasia?

A

Make sure you have the person’s attention before communicating

During conversation, minimize or eliminate background noise (such as television, radio, other people) as much as possible.

Keep communication simple but adult.

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17
Q

What is Auditory Comprehension?

A

Involves the piecing together of meaning from the sounds that we hear. The ability to assign meaning to what we hear.

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18
Q

Listening Comprehension and _______ are inter-related?

A

Memory.

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19
Q

What are some ways to improve communication success in situations of reduced auditory comprehension?

A
  • Get the person’s attention
  • Find quiet times - be sensitive to noise
  • Make sure the person is rested
  • Do not raise your voice
  • Do not speak more slowly (although pauses may help)
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20
Q

What is Apraxia of Speech? and what is it NOT due to?

A

a neurologic disorder that involves problems with the programming of placement and sequencing of the articulators for speech.

It is characterized by highly inconsistent errors.

It is not due to weakness or paralysis of speech muscles.

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21
Q

Is Apraxia of Speech a language disorder?

A

No.

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22
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

a group of speech disorders resulting from weakness, slowness, or incoordination of the speech mechanism due to damage to any of a variety of points in the nervous system.

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23
Q

What is the difference between Apraxia and Dysarthria?

A

Unlike apraxia of speech, the speech errors that occur in dysarthria are highly consistent.

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24
Q

What is Dementia?

A

General term we use when someone stops remembering, communicating, and understanding.

Can be caused by cumulative damage to brain.

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25
What are the risk factors for AD?
``` Risk factors for AD Age Family history Less education Head trauma Gender Having 2 copies of the type 4 allele of apolipoprotein E Having minimal cognitive impairment Alcohol misuse Repeated head injuries ```
26
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Specific type of dementia 60-80% of all dementia cases (most common) Significant working and episodic memory impairments Age-associated Rarely affects people younger than 65
27
What are the Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?
Memory loss that disrupts daily life Challenges in planning or problem solving Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, work, leisure Confusion with time or place Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships New problems with words in speaking or writing Misplacing things and losing ability to retrace steps Decreased or poor judgment Withdrawal from work or social activities Changes in mood and personality Includes apathy and depression
28
What is Vascular Dementia (VaD)?
20-30% of cases (2nd most common type) Changes to memory, thinking, and behavior resulting from conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain Changes suddenly (stroke) Can also be gradual (small vessels)
29
What is Dementia with Lewy Bodies?
Abnormal protein structures forming inside neurons.
30
What is Parkinson's Disease?
A form of dementia that affects motor control and mental functions.
31
What is Frontotemporal Dementia?
Damage to neurons located in the frontal and temporal lobes Spatial orientation, problems with speech
32
Where does Alzheimer’s disease begin in the brain?
Begins in the perirhinal cortex (medial temporal lobe)
33
When tissue from the brain of a patient with AD is examined microscopically, what is seen?
Atrophy: shrinking of tissues See plaques and tangles when brain examined
34
What is impaired/spared in Early Stage Dementia?
Impaired systems: Working memory Episodic memory Relatively spared: Recognition memory Semantic memory Nondeclarative memory
35
What is impaired/spared in Middle Stage Dementia?
impaired: Working memory Episodic memory Semantic memory (some impairment) ``` Spared: Recognition memory Semantic memory On recognition and cued recall tasks) Nondeclarative memory ```
36
What is impaired/spared in Late Stage Dementia?
Impared: All declarative memory Spared: Some aspects of nondeclarative memory Habits, conditioned responses
37
What is a mild cognitive impairment?
It can be an early stage of Alzheimer's Disease.
38
What is Episodic memory?
Memory for personally experienced events that are specific to time and place (affected most by age). Ex: where did I park my car? Often negative, powerful emotion
39
What is Working Memory?
Holding and manipulating information in the mind. The Central Executive: Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad Episodic buffer
40
How is Working Memory impacted by aging?
There may be limited capacity for processing and storing info Older adults may learn complex tasks slower than younger But can retain new learning well Problem solving skills maintained as long as tasks represent real-life situations and challenges
41
What is Executive Functioning?
Doing what must be done to solve a problem or achieve one’s goals Reasoning and problem solving All attentional skills Incorporates aspects of attention, memory, planning, reasoning, and problem solving to organize and regulate purposeful behavior
42
What are possible effects of aging on Executive Functioning?
Decline in attention, cognitive flexibility, planning and working memory.
43
What are the 4 types of attention?
Selective Attention Sustained Attention/Vigilance Alternating attention Divided attention
44
What is Selective Attention?
The process of attending to information that is relevant and important and ignoring other non-relevant information.
45
What is Sustained Attention / Vigilance?
The ability to sustain attention over time (vigilance). Tasks measuring vigilance often require the detection of simple stimuli, presented infrequently in the midst of a stream of other stimuli.
46
What is Alternating Attention?
the capacity for mental flexibility that allows an individual to shift his/her focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.
47
What is Divided Attention?
involves the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands. Two or more behavioral responses may be required or two or more sources of stimuli may need to be monitored. This level of attentional capacity is required whenever multiple simultaneous demands must be managed.
48
How is attention affected with aging?
Doesn’t show significant decline before age 80 Can be negatively affected with fatigue, increased complexity, and increase in time constraints Perceptual processing declines with age Accounts for 80% or more of age related variance on memory tasks Difficult with switching attention
49
What is the Informational Processing Model?
How the mind receives (input), analyzes, and overtly or covertly responds (output) to information from the environment.
50
How is Sensory Memory and Storage effected by Aging?
May show deficits due to loss of sensory acuity.
51
How is Working Memory effected by Aging?
May be more vulnerable to aging processes; limited capacity for processing & storing info.
52
How is Long Term Memory effected by Aging?
Appears to be relatively good at retrieving remote events & info in healthy adults; during non-stressful tasks.
53
What is the most vulnerable aspects of cognition to aging?
Information Processing Speed. Cognitive Flexibility Working Memory
54
What Memory Functions stay relatively Stable?
Semantic Memory Procedural Memory
55
What is Agnosia?
the inability to recognized previously identifiable objects, sounds, smells, tastes, and tactile sensations. There are multiple subtypes of agnosia.
56
How is Semantics impacted by Aging?
Won’t use as many words to describe something. Storing, retaining, and retrieving new lexical or semantic information is less effective. Measurable declines in word retrieval.
57
How is Syntax impacted by Aging?
Syntactic processing delays and errors - Associated with decline in working memory Some utterance length reduction - Increased use of fragments Use of complex syntactic forms decrease
58
How is Discourse impacted by Aging?
Performance deteriorates with age, complexity, and time constraints Positively influenced by higher education, vocab skills, and overall cognition Comprehension declines as complexity increases Language less fluent Decrease in referential cohesion - Person who did something
59
How is Hearing Impacted by Aging?
Decreased sensitivity to pure tones Decreased ability to discriminate speech in adverse listening conditions
60
How is Language Impacted by Aging?
Decreased speed and ability to retrieve words Decreased ability to comprehend with increased complexity of message
61
What is Preserved in Language during Aging?
Passive vocab (word recognition) Basic semantic skills Retaining underlying meaning of words Phonological and morphological elements Pragmatic skills Conversational turn taking, maintaining topic

SPA 421 (1 decks)

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