Final

Question 1

Kenzie is an infant who sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As she gets a little older, she will go to her room when her brothers start fighting. Why does Kenzie do these things?

Answer 1

Kenzie is engaging in emotion regulation.

Question 2

What allows toddlers to experience more complex emotions, such as self-conscious emotions?

Answer 2

Self-awareness

Question 3

Self-conscious emotions include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Answer 3

contentment

Question 4

What term describes challenges that tax children’s coping capacities and create psychological stress?

Answer 4

resilience

Question 5

Influences that promote positive outcomes and reduce poor outcomes associated with adverse circumstances are called ______ factors.

Answer 5

Attachment

Question 6

Information processing in older adults shows a bias toward what type of information?

Answer 6

Positive information

Question 7

Research shows hardiness is not just an innate trait; instead, it can be learned through training and shifts in attitude to improve the ability to cope with challenging situations.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Which theoretical perspective emphasized that feeding was a critical context for infants and caregivers to interact and for infants to have their needs met and thereby develop a sense of trust?

Answer 8

psychoanalytic

Question 9

All of these behaviors are consistent with a child that is securely attached to his or her caregiver EXCEPT ______.

Answer 9

more likely to be cautious of unfamiliar situations

Question 10

Carter is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. He was wary of the stranger when she entered the room. When his mother left, he cried, and the stranger tried to comfort him unsuccessfully. When his mother came back into the room, he smiled at her and reached to her. His mother picked him up and he stopped crying and soon was able to sit on the floor and play with the toys. What attachment type is Carter’s behavior consistent with?

Answer 10

Secure attachment

Question 11

Four-month-old Robert is described as having a difficult temperament. His father is insensitive, coercive, and also difficult in temperament. What can we predict Robert’s developmental outcome will be?

Answer 11

Robert will most likely have behavioral problems and adjustment difficulties that worsen with age, even into early adolescence.

Question 12

All of these statements reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament EXCEPT ______.

Answer 12

not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics

Question 13

Six-month-old Jeremy has difficulty sleeping. He doesn’t follow any predictable schedule. He is an extremely active baby, but he tends to be unhappy the majority of the time. He gets very upset when his mother leaves him with any other caregiver and typically spends most of the time she is away crying. What temperamental style does Jeremy have?

Answer 13

Difficult

Question 14

Feeling ______ require(s) understanding of self and others.

Answer 14

embarrassment

Question 15

Eighteen-month-old Annabelle looks in the mirror, sees that the reflection in the mirror has a mark on her nose, and touches her own nose. What can we conclude?

Answer 15

Annabelle is recognizing herself.

Question 16

Why do adults tend to consistently identify with their younger selves?

Answer 16

It is a compensatory strategy to counteract the negative cultural messages associated with aging and to maximize their happiness.

Question 17

Jeffrey describes himself as a really good athlete but not so good at academics. He says he is happy with who he is and isn’t worried about his low grades. Jeffrey is describing ______.

Answer 17

Self-esteem

Question 18

Which of the following advances in cognitive development lead children to make more complex descriptions and evaluations of themselves?

Answer 18

perspective taking and social comparison

Question 19

Middle-ages and older adults have higher self-esteem than young adults because they revised their possible selves to be more idealistic and grand.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Around what age does self-esteem peak?

Answer 20

Mid-60s

Question 21

Identity exploration is associated with ______.

Answer 21

higher socioeconomic status

Question 22

Fifteen-year-old friends Elizabeth and Maggie are discussing what they want to do after high school. Maggie is thinking about becoming and archaeologist or perhaps a Spanish teacher but she has not completely decided. Elizabeth knows what she will be: a college professor. Her parents are both professors, and her older brother is just starting his PhD program. What identity status is Elizabeth in?

Answer 22

identity foreclosed

Question 23

Why is adolescence the best time for a psychosocial moratorium?

Answer 23

Adolescents have more autonomy than children but not the responsibilities of adults.

Question 24

Identity-diffused individuals tend to be indecisive and apathetic.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

We see the most pronounced changes in a person's personality traits in adolescence.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Individuals who are impulsive are low in ______.

Answer 26

conscientiousness

Question 27

Individuals with which personality trait are more likely to divorce?

Answer 27

High neuroticism

Question 28

At birth, personality first manifests as ______.

Answer 28

temperament

Question 29

In Piaget's morality of cooperation stage, children see rules as ____.

Answer 29

products of group agreement

Question 30

Jenna is very careful not to hurt another person's feelings. She earned a spot as the team captain for her tennis team, but she knew that her teammate really wanted to be captain, so she asked her coach to give it to the other player. Jenna's brother said she should not have done that because she earned it. What moral orientation is her brother's response motivated by?

Answer 30

a justice orientation

Question 31

What is the lowest level of Kohlberg's moral stages?

Answer 31

Preconventional reasoning

Question 32

Daphne, age 6, is the only child of a wealthy family. Her parents both have jobs that require long hours. Their philosophy is that Daphne is a child and should not have to work, other than to keep pace with her class at the private school she attends. They employ a part-time nanny and a full-time housekeeper, who also cooks for the family. Daphne has shown an interest in helping the housekeeper cook, but the housekeeper discourages this and suggests she go play. What do these factors predict for the development of Daphne's prosocial behavior?

Answer 32

Because Daphne is not expected or allowed to work to help the household function, she will miss out on opportunities to contribute and cooperate.

Question 33

Who is most likely to be a strongly prosocial child?

Answer 33

Jamila, a child in rural Kenya, who gathers eggs, milks the goat, and helps her mother weave cloth for the family business

Question 34

Adults become less empathetic with age.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

According to the experts, how do children learn moral behavior best?

Answer 35

When they are reinforced for good behavior

Question 36

The method a parent uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior is called ______.

Answer 36

discipline

Question 37

According to Hoffman, what is the disciplinary method that involves controlling a child's behavior through the use of spankings, commands, and physical restraint?

Answer 37

Power assertion

Question 38

What was used in studies by Bandura to determine the effects of modeling on childhood aggression?

Answer 38

The Bobo doll

Question 39

Which of the following is a psychiatric diagnosis referring to extreme antisocial behavior, such as destruction of property, theft, or causing pain to others?

Answer 39

Conduct disorder

Question 40

Antisocial behavior tends to increase in ______.

Answer 40

puberty

Question 41

Which is true regarding religious adolescents compared with their less religious peers?

Answer 41

Religious adolescents engage in more prosocial behavior.

Question 42

_____ during adolescence is correlated with self-esteem.

Answer 42

Religious commitment

Question 43

Questions about the role of religion in their lives are an important part of adolescent ____.

Answer 43

identity development

Question 44

Which is true regarding children's play and gender?

Answer 44

Children in a variety of cultures prefer to play with others of the same sex

Question 45

According to one study, of these countries, gender differences in the Big 5 personality factors would be greatest in ______

Answer 45

The United States, an individualist culture

Question 46

Women now represent almost half of the U.S. workforce.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

The ____ imperative is the notion that mothers and fathers must adopt different roles to raise children successfully according to some theorists.

Answer 47

Parental

Question 48

What is the term for a child's understanding that gender does not change, and he or she will always be the same gender regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes?

Answer 48

Gender constancy

Question 49

The brain and hormones are the focus of ______ theories of gender role development.

Answer 49

biological

Question 50

Gender _____, the awareness of whether one is a boy or girl, occurs at about age 2.

Answer 50

Identity

Question 51

What typically happens when preschool children observe someone performing a gender-inconsistent activity?

Answer 51

They misrecall or fail to remember the incident.

Question 52

It is believed that ______ marks the beginning of children's sexual desire.

Answer 52

the maturation of the adrenal glands

Question 53

Adrenarche occurs between the ages of ______.

Answer 53

6 and 10

Question 54

What stimulates the hormones that begin changes we associate with puberty?

Answer 54

Adrenarche

Question 55

Adolescent parenthood is associated with which of the following?

Answer 55

Long-term economic disadvantage

Question 56

______ is the most dangerous STI.

Answer 56

HIV

Question 57

Positive adjustment in the children of adolescent mothers is predicted by ______

Answer 57

secure attachment

Question 58

Since 1990, rates of adolescent pregnancy have _____.

Answer 58

Decreased

Question 59

In the United States, what is the average age of first marriage for men?

Answer 59

29

Question 60

Which statement accurately illustrates the feelings of new parents?

Answer 60

Many new parents report not feeling prepared for the roller coaster of emotions ranging from joy to frustration and reduced feelings of well-being that accompany parenthood.

Question 61

What is the average number of children born to a woman in the United States today?

Answer 61

2

Question 62

In general, the differences in child well-being across family types are largely influenced by ______.

Answer 62

family income

Question 63

Who is most likely to experience conflict in the home?

Answer 63

A child from a cohabiting household

Question 64

Which of the following statements accurately describe the outcomes children of divorce experience?

Answer 64

Divorce results in some internalizing and externalizing problems, but the effects are small.

Question 65

Why does conflict between parents and adolescents tend to increase during early adolescence?

Answer 65

Because adolescents begin to seek autonomy from their parents

Question 66

What characteristic do preschoolers who are raised by permissive parents tend to exhibit?

Answer 66

Socioemotional immaturity

Question 67

In divorced and single-parent homes, close, nurturing relationships with _____ are associated with positive adjustment in adolescents.

Answer 67

grandparents

Question 68

Approximately 1 in 3 young adults (18 to 31 years old) in the United States currently lives with his or her parents.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Middle-aged adults who must meet the multiple demands of career and family as well as the demands of caring for two generations, their children and their elderly parents, are considered to be in the ______.

Answer 69

sandwich generation

Question 70

What is associated with early dating, relative to peers?

Answer 70

Alcohol and substance use

Question 71

What is the term for the degree to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner by his or her peers?

Answer 71

Peer acceptance

Question 72

Which of the following reasons does the textbook imply is the cause for rising rates of cohabitation?

Answer 72

The trend for advanced education and delayed career entry

Question 73

What is the likely outcome of academically oriented preschool programs that emphasize academics over self-directed exploration?

Answer 73

They negatively influence motivation and learning.

Question 74

The current view of mathematics curriculum involves _____.

Answer 74

an emphasis on concepts, problem solving, and estimating and probability, as well as student interaction and social involvement in solving math problems

Question 75

What kind of preschool provides children with a structured learning environment through which they learn letters, numbers, shapes, and academic skills via drills and formal lessons?

Answer 75

Academic

Question 76

Cross-cultural research on effective early childhood education indicates that in ______, a child-centered approach works especially well.

Answer 76

the United States

Question 77

Why do nontraditional students have strengths that traditional students may not?

Answer 77

They tend to show a readiness to learn and a problem-centered orientation toward learning.

Question 78

The typical job of a person with only a high school degree spends their first working years in jobs that have all of the following characteristics except:

Answer 78

flexibility

Question 79

What do nontraditional college students report as their number-one reason to return to college?

Answer 79

They are looking to be eligible for a higher paying careers.

Question 80

Donna is not planning on attending college after high school. What are schools doing that will result in Donna not being prepared for the job market?

Answer 80

They are focusing more energy on college-bound students and no vocational training for students not attending college.

Question 81

Which of the following statements is true regarding non-college-bound students?

Answer 81

Each year, about one third of high school graduates do not attend college.

Question 82

The relation of attributions and achievement is ______.

Answer 82

bidirectional

Question 83

Which individual is most likely to show a greater mastery orientation and higher levels of achievement motivation?

Answer 83

Montel, a boy from a wealthy household

Question 84

If a child views their skills and characteristics as malleable, then they have a _____ mindset.

Answer 84

growth

Question 85

What is the focus of Super's crystallization stage of vocational development?

Answer 85

Individuals begin to think about careers in more complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values, as well as the requirements of each career

Question 86

What is the main determining factor with regard to whether and when an older adult retires?

Answer 86

Financial resources

Question 87

Workers in high-stress, demanding jobs or those that provide little satisfaction are most likely to have an easier adjustment to retirement.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Suicide is the most common cause of death for adolescents

Answer 88

False

Question 89

The philosophy of the hospice approach emphasizes ______

Answer 89

prolonging quality of life

Question 90

Permanent brain damage occurs after oxygen deprivation for a minimum of what length of time?

Answer 90

3 minutes

Question 91

What term means death from the removal of life-sustaining treatment?

Answer 91

Passive euthanasia

Question 92

Which term means a belief in some form of afterlife after death of the physical body?

Answer 92

Noncorporeal continuation

Question 93

Awareness of death often causes midlife adults to ______.

Answer 93

reevaluate priorities

Question 94

The understanding that death is final, irreversible, and inevitable typically emerges in what age range?

Answer 94

5 to 7 years

Question 95

Which age-group tends to spend more time thinking about the process and circumstances of dying than the actual state of death?

Answer 95

older adults

Question 96

A dying person who has lost faith in his or her physician and seeks a second or third opinion is most likely in which stage of processing death?

Answer 96

Denial

Question 97

Which of the following describes typical changes and symptoms that the dying person experiences shortly before death?

Answer 97

confusion

Question 98

An example of short-term expected death is one due to ______.

Answer 98

cancer

Question 99

Deaths that occur much before they are expected are referred to as ______.

Answer 99

off time

Question 100

Lindsay has just received news that her father has died. While on the phone with her sister, she kept saying, "But I just talked to him 2 days ago! He's been so healthy. We were going to run a marathon together!" Which phase of mourning is Lindsay in?

Answer 100

Shock

Question 101

Arthur is 74 years of age. He lost his wife to heart disease 6 months ago, and he has fallen into a deep depression. His children and friends are deeply concerned about him. What recommendation would most likely help alleviate Arthur's depressive symptoms?

Answer 101

volunteering at a local library.

Question 102

Children who are dying tend to feel _____.

Answer 102

loneliness